Size Zero free essay sample

To be let you know are not impeccable enough can execute a young lady inside. Much additionally upsetting is the interior torment on a lady truly. Being ‘fat’ is turning into a plague in the UK. In spite of the fact that there is a little minority who are unheard and being shadowed by the individuals who are being given lifesaving treatment by the NHS. Dietary problems negatively affect inward organs yet additionally ripeness and in particular emotional wellness. This is a consequence of the ‘Size Zero’ ID being set on a woman’s shoulders. Why a ‘0’? A zero is round. So for what reason does the style business relate this to a straightforward skeletal casing? Anorexia and Bulimia are the most widely recognized dietary problems in the UK and are the reason for ‘Size Zero’ wonder. Bulimia †referred to medicinally as Bulimia Nervosa †is a dietary issue set apart by patterns of pigging out of over the top amounts of food, trailed by cleansing utilizing self-actuated spewing and diuretics. The consequence of unreasonable retching can be of the consuming of the throat and furthermore cause lack of hydration and substance irregular characteristics in the blood. Contention encompassing the savage fact of size zero has raised strongly in the previous decade, bringing an entirely different age of new young ladies that are survivors of this marvel. The weight of being flimsy on a woman’s shoulders is a substantial one, particularly in the displaying business. It is a column the style business trusted had left. Catastrophes including the demise of 28-year-old model Isabelle Caro in November †who had presented bare for an enemy of anorexia crusade †provoked numerous originators to quit utilizing size zero models. Be that as it may, the interest for starving strays is as yet boundless. During the 90s, super-thin sizes zero figure (UK size 4) turned into the benchmark for trying models. It has since been accused for starting outrageous consuming less calories, dietary issues and even fatalities. In August 2006, Uruguayan model Luisel Ramos, 22, kicked the bucket in the wake of living on Diet Coke and lettuce for a quarter of a year her sister Eliana, 18, passed on of ailing health the next February while in November, Brazilian model Ana Carolina Reston, 21, passed on of anorexia. The World Health Organization said underweight models conveyed risky signs to susceptible young ladies. Prada, Versace and Armani restricted size zero catwalk models, yet in 2007 the British Fashion Council would not do likewise at London Fashion Week in spite of a report indicating 40% of models could have a dietary problem. Two years back, Vogue proofreader Alexandra Shulman assaulted style houses for driving ever more slender models into magazines by giving minute articles of clothing to shoots that lone fit models with extending bones and no bosoms or hips. Young ladies looking for a feeling of confidence, self-character and certain womanliness are increasingly defenseless against societys enchanting messages recommending that so as to be commendable, provocative, fruitful, amazing and cheerful they should seek after the ideal body no matter what. They turn upward to and copy female good examples for bearing about how to live as a lady in our general public. Moms additionally give ground-breaking good examples to their girls and their own mentalities and practices with respect to body shape and eating examples can have an enormous impact regardless. Procuring a sound confidence which did not depend dominatingly on body shape and weight is basic for enduring passionate and physical wellbeing. Any youth experience, for example, harassing, rehashed cruel analysis or sexual maltreatment can harm developing confidence and expands a youthful people defenselessness to building up an eating issue and attempting to utilize it as an approach to help their low self-esteem and recapture a feeling of power over their lives. Driving originators have shielded themselves against allegations that they power too much thin models on to the pages of design magazines by providing garments for photograph shoots that are unreasonably little for â€Å"normal† ladies. The cases, made by Vogues proofreader, Alexandra Shulman, have been hailed as a defining moment in the disputable size zero discussion, which has thrown a shadow over the catwalk business since the passings of three models from confusions identified with lack of healthy sustenance. As they sashay along the catwalks for the start of London Fashion Week today, stick-slight models will be the focal point of consideration. However not all will be ladies: young men are presently constrained to accomplish size zero figures, as well. Wellbeing specialists are cautioning of more men creating dietary issues. Janet Treasure, executive of the dietary problems unit and teacher of psychiatry at Guys, Kings and St Thomas clinical school in London, said that pictures of male models affected men that was practically identical with the size-zero prevailing fashions among ladies. Design models and sharp Hollywood celebrities have gotten infamous for trouble maker, diva conduct while altruistic works and philanthropic endeavors have slung others to notoriety. Dress size presently can't seem to discolor a style icon’s notoriety. Until this year, when anorexic youthful entertainers and design models started to show up in expanding numbers in style occasions and the newspaper press. Be that as it may, dietary issues appear in heaps of businesses. Displaying isnt the one and only one. Sports, for example, expressive dance and figure skating are among the most well-known for anorexia to be available. As the media keeps on discussing the commonness of withered models, another size zero culture proceeds with quietly behind velvet shades. Also, its not just in Russia. You just need to look at photos of ballet performers in organizations around the globe to see that the issue of dietary problems is profoundly installed. Executives of artful dance schools and organizations, such as displaying offices and architects, are presently better versed in what they ought to say when stood up to with the issue, yet this doesnt imply that the issue has left. It is evaluated that 1. 1 million individuals in the UK have dietary issues. The greater part are young ladies somewhere in the range of 12 and 24 years of age. Nil by mouth appears to have become the saying by a developing armed force of young ladies and this needs to stop. What occurs on a runway is just a bit of the issue. Better child rearing and better sustaining could guide these young ladies into better perspectives. Likewise more significantly a progressively thoughtful and dependable media could assist with sparing the physical and physiological strength of an age of young ladies. We ought to be appreciative for who we are †individual and novel. Nobody is great or is going to ever be great so for what reason would it be advisable for anyone to mind? Word Count: 1167

Use Manuscript Markers for Your First Draft

Use Manuscript Markers for Your First Draft Use Manuscript Markers for Your First Draft Use Manuscript Markers for Your First Draft By Mark Nichol Because of my ongoing post about enclosures, an analyst referenced that he utilizes brackets as markers for sections to come back to later for improving duplicate or for embeddings missing content. At that point he does a pass utilizing Microsoft Word’s Find capacity to find the enclosures and fill in the spaces. That’s a decent composing methodology: Many composing mentors and expert essayists suggest, however much as could reasonably be expected, composing first drafts constant, particularly when you’re ready get your considerations down, regardless of whether they’re inadequate, and hop over the holes and continue going. Denoting the spaces for consideration later is a decent procedure, yet except if you’re improbable to utilize enclosures in your writing, I suggest you utilize another marker. For instance, it’s normal in news coverage to utilize TK, a phonetic shortened form for â€Å"to come† that’s handily looked in light of the fact that those letters don’t normally happen consecutively in words, which permits you to maintain a strategic distance from bogus hits as you scan for your markers for inadequate substance. (Remember, however, that both TK and TC are legitimate shortened forms.) Book distributers, paradoxically, frequently utilize different bullets or zeroes at times, including page numbers for a chapter by chapter list that has not yet been finished; an editor fills in the right page numbers later. Visual planners additionally use what’s called Greek content, however it’s really debased Latin (otherwise called lorem ipsum due to that normally showing up express). Be that as it may, this placeholder content is utilized for structure mockups, not as a component of the creative cycle. (The equivalent is valid for the letter arrangement ETAOIN SHRDLU, comprising of the twelve most regularly utilized letters in English.) When I’m altering a scholastic book with references, I have to check in-content references against the reference rundown to ensure each reference is refered to and each reference is referenced. Rather than printing out a duplicate of the references as an agenda, or making a copy record, I basically mark each reference thing as I discover its in-content reference, utilizing the â€Å"at† sign or another character that doesn’t in any case show up in the composition. When I’m done, I do a Find and Replace search to erase the signs in a single singular motion. That reminds me: Do you know the easy routes for decreasing or precluding letter and line spaces? A few instructors despite everything show in any case, however sentences ought to be isolated by just one letter space. To diminish twofold spaces to single ones all through an original copy with only a couple of keystrokes and snaps, simply type two spaces in the Find field and one space in the Replace field, at that point click on Replace All. Rehash as essential until no occurrences are shown. (Be mindful so as not to tap on Replace All before you type a letter in the Replace field, or you’ll end up with section long strings of type.) To erase letter spaces toward the finish of various passages, type a letter space followed by the image ^ (shift+6) and the letter p with no letter space between them into the Find field and ^p into the Replace field, at that point hit Replace All. Rehash as important. To diminish two line spaces to one, enter ^p^p into the Find Field and ^p into the Replace Field and select Replace All. Rehash as important. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Fiction Writing class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Because Of and Because of 50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)10 Writing Exercises to Tighten Your Writing

How to Write the University of Pennsylvania Supplement 2018-2019 TKG

How to Write the University of Pennsylvania Supplement 2018-2019 If you don’t know better, The University of Pennsylvania, commonly referred to as “Penn,” may sound like a typical state school. If you were under that impression, let us be the first to tell you that it’s not. It’s a private school (not a state school), an Ivy League institution, and it is world-renowned for its undergraduate programsâ€"especially finance, business, political science, and anthropology. The school itself is in the heart of Philadelphia, one of the wealthiest cities in America when it comes to national history.Unsurprisingly, getting into Penn isn’t easy. Last year, the acceptance rate dipped down to 9.3%. The student body is geographically, ethnically, and racially diverse. An impressive 47.9% of the class of 2021 identify as students of color.Like with any Ivy League, it takes a lot more to stand out than an interesting background or the fact that you can juggle while standing on a horse. Successful applicants have killer test scores, excellent grades, a nd a sense of self that shines through in their application.The Penn application only has one supplemental question. It’s simple, straightforward, and in the vein of the ubiquitous “Why this school?” essay prompt, but they’ve done something to raise the stakes, and it’s all in the word count.How will you explore your intellectual and academic interests at the University of Pennsylvania? Please answer this question given the specific undergraduate school to which you are applying. (400-650 words)  As we said, this is a “Why us?” prompt. They want to know:That you did your research into Penn in the first place.That there is a strong link between your interests and what Penn can offer.That you can offer something to Penn that they need.This may sound transactional, but we think it’s refreshing. So much of the college process is obfuscation. Here, Penn lays it all out.The thing they have done that is a bit tricky is within that pair of parentheses at the very end. “40 0-650 words.” That is a major range. Just the way you approach a question, let alone what you write, changes when you have 400 words (3 paragraphs, maybe) vs. 650 words (which is the full length of your college essay!). Most schools “Why us?” essays are 250 words, 150 words, or even as few as 50! With up to 650 words, what is expected of you is very different from a 250-word answer. (And yes, you should use all 650.)Before you start outlining, though, remember that there are 5 BIG mistakes that you need to avoid in every supplement you write. We’ve dug into them in another post (read it here!), but we want to reiterate them just to make sure they’ve sunk in:Saying the name of the wrong school in a “Why us?” essay because you reused essays and got sloppy.Not knowing a school thoroughly enough to speak about it convincingly.Being vague.Being redundant.Only answering the question.You need to keep these top of mind as you work on your Penn supplement because of math: the l onger the supplement, the easier it is to mess it up.Now let’s look at how to avoid making those mistakes in your supplement:How to Avoid #1 - SloppinessDon’t reuse essays. Simple, right? Good.How to Avoid #2 - UnawarenessResearch. Your response to this supplement should include the following:What you plan on majoring in, even if you are actually undecided.One or two professors in the department your major is part of who you would like to work with, and why you are drawn to them specifically.One or two classes you would like to take. At least one of these classes should be part of your major, and none of them should be “100-level” or beginner classes.One or two social groups or clubs you would like to join, one of which is related to your course of study.If this sounds like a formula, it’s because it is. And it works. So use it.How to Avoid #3 - VaguenessVagueness tends to come from one of two places. It’s either because you’re trying to repurpose content (see “How t o Avoid #1”) or because you haven’t given yourself the time to process the question properly, to brainstorm possible responses, and then to go through a drafting process. When you’re in a rush, it’s hard to get specific. The way to avoid this is by planning ahead. Sometimes it takes writing a few duds to get to where you should be.How to Avoid #4 - RedundancySee numbers 1 and 3.How to Avoid #5 - Sticking to the QuestionSTORY. You have 650 words. You better tell a story. Not a story about when you toured campus or visited a cousin who’s a junior majoring in something to do with politics, but a story about your relationship to and with learning. This supplement should be about what you would like to do at Penn, but its central focus is you.So tell a story and use it to weave together the formulaic bits like listing professors and courses. Just please, please, don’t try to repurpose another essay.Want an expert to guide you from the first draft to an acceptance letter? We†™re pros at helping outstanding students get into their dream schools.

Essay The War Against The Jews, by Lucy Dawidowicz

â€Å"The War Against The Jews† by Lucy Dawidowicz explores a very dark time in history and interprets it from her view. Through the use of other novels, she concurs and agrees to form her opinion. This essay will explore who Dawidowicz is, why she wrote the book, what the book is about, what other authors have explored with the same topic, and how I feel about the topic she wrote about. All in all, much research will be presented throughout the essay. In the end you will see how strongly I feel about the topic I chose. I believe that although Hitler terrorized the Jews, they continued to be stronger than ever, and tried to keep up their society. Lucy Dawidowicz, the author of â€Å"The War Against The Jews 1933-1945† grew up in New York. She†¦show more content†¦As one can tell, Dawidowicz didn’t just make up the information in the book; she had primary and secondary sources to back it up. The book was written and published in 1975, but she had gathered all the evidence from the previous years. She was so impacted by the Jewish life getting tormented and damaged, and her seeing it first hand, that she became influenced to start researching the Jewish Culture. As the New York Times so accurately states Dawidowicz wanted to â€Å"Preserve Jewish culture in the post war world.† (Berstein, â€Å"Lucy S Dawidowicz 75, Scholar of Jewish Life and History Dies,† Page 2). She certainly did not want them to be forgotten. The book makes sure to take every view into perspective, and to show her side off those views. In the book, â€Å"The War against the Jews†, Dawidowicz comes up with a few arguments. The book is split up into two parts, â€Å"Part I: The Final Solution† and â€Å"Part II: The Holocaust.† Each of these parts has two different ideas. The idea of the first part is to show 3 that Hitler wanted to eliminate the Jews before anything else. Hitler firmly blamed all of the bad things on the Jews, and wanted to exterminate them as a whole. Dawidowicz states, â€Å"The mass murder of the Jews was the consummation of his fundamental beliefs and ideological convictions† (Dawidowicz, The War against the Jews, 3). She expresses the idea that Hitler was taking place in early anti-Semitism,Show MoreRelated Jewish Reactions to the Holocaust: A Learned Behavior Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesattempted destruction of the Jews, persecution actually began thousands of years earlier. The Holocaust, or Final Solution, which was the destruction of European Jews by the Nazi s, was the culmination of attempts by other groups to eradicate Jews from their society.1 Reacting in many different ways to persecution, the Jewish sect has undergone years of harsh treatment, climaxing during the Holocaust. Jewish persecution did not begin in Europe with the onset of World War II; rather, anti-SemitismRead MoreThe Holocaust : The Execution Of The Final Solution2197 Words   |  9 Pages the execution of the Final Solution in response to the Jewish problem, commenced in the early 1940s. However, throughout the beginning and middle of World War II, Hitler tyrannized European Jews by forced emigrations and deportations out of Western Europe. World War II comprised this incremental radicalization of oppression towards the Jews; expulsions and deportations to prohibitions and ultimately, an attempt to enact mass genocide. What was the cause for the intensification of the Nazi JewishRead More THE HOLOCAUST Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesTHE HOLOCAUST The Holocaust was the mass annihilation of the European Jews by the National Socialist Party (Nazi) of Germany from 1933 to 1945. In The War of the Jews, Dawidowicz explains the conditions that made anti-Semitism politically acceptable. The Germans of the nineteenth century inherited a Christian-inspired popular and intellectual anti-Semitism that depicted Jews as foreigners- a state within a state- killers of Christ, well poisoners, and a cause of every misfortune, whether naturalRead MoreThe Genocide Of World War II1946 Words   |  8 PagesCommit Genocide in World War II In January of 1942, Hitler and the Nazis instituted the â€Å"Final Solution,† which was an organized and meticulous plan to exterminate the Jews. This plan eventually led to the death of six million Jews and has become one of the most infamous crimes against humanity ever perpetrated. Since the time that the Final Solution has been carried out, historians have debated exactly when Adolph Hitler and the Nazis decided to commit genocide against the Jews. Some historians argueRead MoreTo What Extent Was Hitler Responsible for the Holocaust?2091 Words   |  9 PagesHitler the cause of the Holocaust. The four factors that will be assessed will be the widespread anti-Semitism, the role of Hitler himself, the demonizing of Jews made by the state churches and the Treaty of Versailles. The sources I will be comparing will be Hitler: 1936-1945 by Ian Kershaw and The war against the Jews 1933-1945 by Lucy Dawsidowicz. This is because they both focus on different things: Kershaw on Hitler, and Dawisdowicz on the Holocaust. This way, we can get a large scope of understandingRead MoreEssay on The Holocaust1099 Words   |  5 Pages Called the Final Solution by the Germans, it was the object of two pivotal studies, both of which had the Jews at the center of their treatment. The first was The Final Solution by Gerald Reitlinger and the second The Destruction of the European Jews by Raul Hilberg. Most major studies since have had the same focus: Lucy Dawidowicz (The War Against the Jews; Leni Yahil (The Holocaust); Hilberg (Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders); Daniel Goldhagen (Hitlers Willing Executioners);Read More Chronology of the Holocaust Essay1120 Words   |  5 Pagesknow why this war happened many don’t know when and what events lead up to this: the way Hitler came into power, or when the first concentration camp was established, and what city it was in, why Jews were hated so much by Hitler, and why the rest of the country also hated them as well as, and what the chronology of the Holocaust. These are some of the things I will explain in my paper. In 1933 Hindenburg was the president of Germany. Having recovered form the First World War, Germany is onRead MoreGhetto Life Under the Nazis2347 Words   |  10 Pages The term â€Å"ghettos† was first used in relation to Jews in the year 1516 when the Venetian government designated a specified living area for its Jewish population. During World War II, they were established by the Nazis to isolate and control the Jews as a first step in their eventual annihilation (Ghettos). Throughout the War, the Nazis established over 400 ghettos in Eastern Europe and Russia for this purpose. The Nazi ghetto overseers appointed Jewish councils, called the Judenrat, to maintainRead MoreSacrifice by Fire Essay890 Words   |  4 PagesSacrifice by fire. The pleading children, the debilitating elderly, and the cynical women all have the same look of fear when they hear the word â€Å"Holocaust.† Approximately six million brave Jews were brutally murdered during the dreadful era o f the Holocaust. These Jews were ordinary humans who hadn’t committed a crime, hadn’t encouraged any riots and hadn’t leveled any threats. They were citizens of their home countries who had the capability of contributing several intellectual achievements toRead MoreHitler s Ideology And The Nazi Bureaucracy1674 Words   |  7 Pagesannihilate the Jews of Europe but merely a contributing factor. The Intentionalists use evidence to support a traditional Hitlerism approach_. it stems from the assumption that Hitler from as early on as 1919 contemplated and pursued the annihilation of Jews throughout his political career and as the main aim of National Socialism and thereby the Nazi party. The Nuremburg laws can be seen as a cornerstone of Nazi anti-Jewish policies as they provided a legal definition of Jews. This was an

The Party Of Lincoln Why African Americans Abandoned The...

The Party of Lincoln: Why African-Americans Abandoned the Republican Party Hitch your wagon to a star, ‘cause FDR, is giving us all a brand new deal. --Unknown Introduction The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on February 3, 1870, and granted African-American (Black) men the right to vote by declaring the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. (U. S. Const. amend. XV). After the Civil War, â€Å"Radical† Republicans controlled the first Congress and enacted the Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867, which divided the ten former Confederate states into five districts, and placed them under military control. Each state was required to ratify the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments after which the first election was held in 1868. To continue punishment of the Confederate states, Congress controlled the Southern votes, which mainly consisted of poor whites and former slaves who pledged their loyalty to the Republican Party. This was also the first federal election Freedmen were able to vote and the Party of Lincoln was their political party of choice for more than sixty years. By 1878, the Radicals had lost their enthusiasm for protecting Blacks; federal troops were being withdrawn from each military district; and Reconstruction had come to an end. By 1880, the Democratic Party had disenfranchised theShow MoreRelatedReconstruction : The Failure Of Reconstruction1529 Words   |  7 PagesReconstruction was a failure because African American were still not equal to White Americans. The Emancipation Proclamation was proclaimed in January 1, 1863. It freed more than 3 million slaves in the Confederate states by January 1, 1863, blacks enlisted in the Union Army in large numbers, reaching some 180,000 by war’s end. Reconstruction began in 1865 right after the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln created a plan for Reconstruction that called for Reconciliation. Abraham Lincoln believed that preserving theRead MoreWhy Was Harriet Tubman One Of The Most Fa mous Conductors?2356 Words   |  10 PagesQuestions: Notes: Why did states secede? What was the importance of popular sovereignty? What was the underground railroad used for? Why was Harriet Tubman one of the most famous conductors? What was Harriet Beecher Stowe famous for? Why was Franklin Pierce important? What was the Dred Scott case and why was it important? What were Stephen Douglas’ beliefs? What were Abraham Lincolns’ beliefs and what was his lasting impression? What was the confederacy? WhoRead MoreThe American Civil War : The United States8725 Words   |  35 PagesThe American Civil War, known in the United States as simply the Civil War as well as by other sectional names, was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. Of the 34 states that existed in January 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the United States and went on to form the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often simply called the South, grew to include eleven states, althoughRead MoreAmerican History Unit 12 Exam Review Essay examples2387 Words   |  10 PagesAmerican History Exam Review Unit 12 1. Name the empires that were located in America before the arrival of Europeans. The Inca, the Olmec, the Maya, the Aztec, the Moundbuilders, the Iroquois, the Five Civilized Tribes. 2. Name where each tribe was located ( North or South America) and one accomplishment for each of the empires. 3. What was a joint stock company? A joint stock company was when people bought shares in companies that were hopingRead MoreThe Revolutionary War And The War Of 1812 Essay2365 Words   |  10 Pagescommonly known as the Reconstruction Era. And in the center of this reconstruction are African Americans. Having fought a war to obtain their â€Å"Freedom†, African Americans now faced a time of racism, social injustice, and instituted laws that upheld white supremacy after the Civil War. In the following dissertation, I will explain the impact the reconstruction era and life post-civil war had on African Americans as they tried to rebuild their lives crippled by slavery. To fully fathom the period knownRead MoreThe New York City Draft Riots3042 Words   |  13 Pages[H1]15.4: The Union Triumphant [keywords] Copperheads New York City Draft Riots Sherman’s March to the Sea [/keywords] [learning objectives] By the end of this section, you will be able to: †¢ Describe the reasons why many Americans doubted that Abraham Lincoln would be reelected †¢ Explain how the Union forces overpowered the Confederacy By the outset of 1864, after three years of war, the Union had mobilized its resources for the ongoing struggle on a massive scale. The government had overseen theRead MoreLincoln and the Abolitionists Essay5776 Words   |  24 PagesLINCOLN AND THE ABOLITIONISTS History records Abraham Lincoln as the Great Emancipator, yet ardent abolitionists of his day such as William Lloyd Garrison viewed him with deep suspicion. That the 16th president eventually achieved the abolitionists most cherished dream, says biographer Allen Guelzo, happened through a curious combination of political maneuvering, personal conviction, and commitment to constitutional principle. One of the ironies of the Civil War era and the end of slaveryRead MoreReconstruction : The Burning Years10732 Words   |  43 Pagesschool. I had a wonderful teacher who did much to show the nuances of American history, such as the effects of states’ rights and slavery on the Civil War. Still, my teacher, along with the A.P. exam, the state curriculum, and our textbooks, moved quickly past Reconstruction. I assumed that, aside from the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and some Ku Klux Klan violence, there wasn’t much else to the story, that African Americans exercised their civil rights in peace from the Union victory at AppomattoxRead MoreThe Broken Promise of Reconstruction the Need for Restitution5574 Words   |  23 PagesRESTITUTION The Civil War is the most widely written about event in American history and Reconstruction is the most mis-understood and least appreciated subject within this wider issue. Most people would prefer to escape into the heroic exploits of the battles that were fought than deal with the difficult social problems that the former enslaved population had to deal with. I am offering this essay since I believe that the African-Americans have been done a great disservice by the Nation. As a people theyRead MoreAn Analysis Of Helen Keller And Woodrow Wilson4117 Words   |  17 Pageswhile women would become blind from syphilis, by working as a prostitute. In her later years, Helen Keller raised funds for the American Foundation for the Blind. But, Helen Keller was also a radical Socialist and supported Eugene V. Debs as he tried to become President, a fact that would construe Helen poorly, if the fact was widely known, and not as the hero many Americans and people around the world see her as today. The 28th President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, is shown positively in

Analysis Of Kate Chopin s The Things That A Woman

A heroine to me is often an average woman in an unexpected situation, which, despite the odds being piled against her, she usually overcomes in the end. In today’s culture, women have overcome many difficulties to be able to work, teach, vote, have a voice in the government, and even are CEOs. Some people believe that some of these achievements are because of examples that come from literature that have led women to believe in, motivate, and stand up for themselves. In literature the amount of the things that a woman protagonist can do has also changed. Back in the 1800s women characters, whether fictional or not, could not be portrayed as rebellious, working, or even sexual beings. Of course there were some authors that did not follow these rules and they were not being published. Others, instead, wrote their works in a way that would be accepted by society rules, however, they were still making strong-minded women protagonists. One of these very famous authors is Kate Chopin . In every short story or novel her main character was a female. Not many writers during the mid to late 19th century were bold enough to address subjects that Chopin took on. Some of Chopin’s work could not be published until years after her death because of the strong themes that she knew would not be accepted in the world she lived in back then but she just wrote life as she saw it. Chopins short stories are all very different but one thing they have in common is the main character. A lotShow MoreRelatedEssay on Rhetorical Analysis The Story of an Hour1120 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis The short story â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate O’Flaherty Chopin is about a young woman who is told of her husband’s death and how, in one hour, her life was changed forever. Kate’s life was in some ways similar to that of Mrs. Mallard’s, I believe her true feelings were reflected in her many writings. People who read her stories, particularly â€Å"The Story of an Hour† may have several different views of what the meaning might be, but because Kate lived in a time when womenRead MoreThe Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pagesby Kate Chopin â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is very intriguing, not only because of the emotional change Louise Mallard goes through the hour after her husband’s tragic death but also the way Chopin uses irony in the story. During this analysis of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† we will discuss the summary, plot, setting, tone, theme, point of view, emotions of Louise Mallard and other characters involved in the story. Chopin’s story uses the feelings of a married woman in the late 1890’s andRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Edna Pontellier761 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Analysis of Edna Pontellier Edna Pontellier was a very respectable woman from the 1800s that was unsatisfied with her situation in life. Mrs. Pontellier was a mother of two sons and had a husband whom she adored at the beginning of their marriage, but overtime they have became distant and her sexual desires were no longer being fulfilled. She soon broke the role society had casted upon her and became rebellious by leaving her womanly duties behind. Kate Chopin reveals Edna PontelliersRead More Oppression of Women in Chopins Story of an Hour and Gilmans Yellow Wallpaper 1246 Words   |  5 PagesOppression of Women in Chopins Story of an Hour and Gilmans Yellow Wallpaper    The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin and The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman share the same view of the subordinate position of women in the late 1800s. Both stories demonstrate the devastating effects on the mind and body that result from an intelligent person living with and accepting the imposed will of another. This essay will attempt to make their themes apparent by examining a brief summeryRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1542 Words   |  7 PagesIn the short story, â€Å"Story of an Hour†, Kate Chopin writes about a woman with heart trouble, Mrs. Mallard, who, in finding out about the death of her husband, Mr. Mallard, experiences some initial feelings of sadness which quickly transition into the exhilarating discovery of the idea of a newfound freedom lying in front of her. When it is later revealed that her husband is not actually dead, she realizes she will not get to taste that freedom. The devastation kills her. What Mrs. Mallard goes throughRead MoreAn Analysis Of Armand Aubigny s Desiree s Baby 1538 Words   |  7 PagesArmand Aubigny’s Pride in â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† by Kate Chopin Through history, we have always yearned independence and equality as human beings. Undoubtedly, Kate Chopin is an extraordinary example She has landed a commendable place among American writers worthy of recognition. Born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1850, Kate was raised by strong women who taught her the value of an education. Her family gave her a revolutionary vision and a feminist personality, but it was her talented and passionate skillsRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1137 Words   |  5 Pages Antonio Anteola Professor Sophia Funk Enc1102 / 869023 3 September 2015 An Analysis On The Story of an Hour In the story of an hour, Kate Chopin has depicted a tone amongst many wives of the late nineteenth century. Women, by this time, were very far from the nineteenth amendment to the Constitution or the â€Å"Women’s Suffrage Movement.† What this explains is that women of this era are still being undermined by society, neither unequal nor independent from that of the voice of the masculine genderRead MoreKylie Alexandra Fink. Mr. Broome. Honors English Ii. May1848 Words   |  8 PagesKylie Alexandra Fink Mr. Broome Honors English II May 17, 2017 The Thought Provoking Story of Kate Chopin â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin makes one ask themselves â€Å"why†. The story is a very thought provoking. It is about a woman, Louise, whose husband â€Å"died† in a train accident. When she finds out, she thinks of herself as free. Why would she be so happy when she just found out that her husband, Brentley, had died? She then finds out that her husband did not die. She then dies after seeingRead MoreKate Chopin s An Hour857 Words   |  4 Pagesthis is a consequence of being human. The broad variety of different emotions that Kate Chopin fit into â€Å"The Story of an Hour† presents the story with a perspective that is very intelligible. While some readers may not understand what it is like to live a sheltered life due to marital convention, Chopin laid out the emotional path that the protagonist takes and simplified it into individual, coherent feelings that a woman in the late nineteenth-century might have went through under these c ircumstances;Read MoreWomen s Patriarchal Oppression By Kate Chopin Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesSheraliz Ortiz Mrs. Kehrmeyer AP Language, Per 1 14 November 2016 Women s Patriarchal Oppression Women have been denied social power and the right to various forms of self-expression during the 19th century. Feminism is the belief that women should be treated as equals to men and have the same opportunities. Feminist analysis discusses about topics such as women in society that s been through oppression, dehumanizing, and depression. Several brave female writers came forth during this period

Love Essay Research Paper Love is different free essay sample

Love Essay, Research Paper Love is different for each and every person. It can be felt for a individual, an object, a feeling or a manner of life, doing it hard to embrace a true reading. In ancient Grecian history, philosophic pillars such as Plato and Socrates divided love into either earthly or heavenly. Earthly love was a feeling of lecherousness and sexual desire while heavenly love was shared both spiritually and intellectually. Personally, I believe love to be unconditioned, selfish, obsessional, or romantic. Unconditional love is limitless love. It is a natural feeling that exists without any stipulations and is non dependent on anything. Unconditional love is a changeless love, the type of love we receive from a female parent, a male parent or even a pet. It is present all the clip, under any circumstance. My dog Jake is the perfect illustration. When I leave the house in the forenoon he jumps at me, imploring me to remain. We will write a custom essay sample on Love Essay Research Paper Love is different or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I return, he wags his narrative, carries my slippers in his oral cavity and roll around the house humming with exhilaration. When I work on my computing machine he lies by my side. When I m sitting in forepart of the Television, he comes over in hunt of fondness. When I think about it, my dog Jake is the prototype of unconditioned love. In contrast to unconditioned love is selfish love. Rather than being eternal, it is finite. This type of love is unreal, bogus and non echt. Used merely to profit oneself, or for the interest of having favors and pleasance, selfish love is harmful to the receiver. It appears merely when something is needed yet is still hard to acknowledge. A past experience with, what I thought was, a perfect girlfriend can turn out this. At first, our relationship was rather normal, like that of any two striplings. We hung out on the weekends, spoke on the phone and helped each other with our day-to-day jobs. However, after several hebdomads of degree Fahrenheit riendship, the relationship intensified and I became highly involved, supplying her with perfectly anything she desired. In return, she invariably told me that I was a particular individual and that I meant everything to her. I got nearer to her than I have of all time been to anyone in my life. But in the terminal I realized that her love for me was illusive and self-serving. In world, I was being used. Obsessional love is the relentless love one has for an point, a athletics, a feeling or even a individual. The desire a vocalist has to project her voice. The fancy a kid has for a stuffed animate being. The passion a football participant has for running an 80-yard touchdown. The bang a racecar driver feels when rushing around a path. It is infatuation, arrested development, dependence, and lecherousness. Obsessional love is a demand, which frequently lives and dies rapidly. Finally, romantic love is the type that merely grows with clip. It requires forbearance and evolves merely through the exchange of reciprocally good values. Merely when two persons learn to congratulate and understand each other s feelings and demands is this pure, true love truly felt. Although partially based on sexual Communion, romantic love relies largely on rational connexion. Familiarity and fondness, committedness and dedication, communicating and honestness are all involved. Romantic love is merely felt towards another human being and frequently it controls the manner people think, act and react. It is a particular brotherhood which when experienced to its fullest extent provides an matchless feeling. Romantic love gives us a ground to populate. Love can be used to depict indefinable feelings. Love can be unbounded or love can be restricted. Love can bit by bit boom or love can rapidly melt away. Love can intend perfectly everything or love can intend nil at all. And as Benjamin Franklin one time said If you would be loved, love and be lovable.

Same-Sex Marriage Essays (1947 words) - LGBT History,

Same-Sex Marriage Every country has their own set of rules and laws. One law all countries should have is the right to Same-Sex Marriage. Same-Sex Marriage should be legal all over the world for many different reasons. Since 2015, it has become legal in all 50 states of America, yet, there are still many conflicts and discriminations that the LGBT community has to face because some people simply just don't agree with this law. There will always be those who are against Same-Sex Marriage and those who are 100% for it, like myself. Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage will grant the LGBT community a right that for years has been taken from them. One of the main reasons why people are so Against Same-Sex Marriage is because they believe marriage should be between a man and a woman. The human race started with a man and a woman so it should continue to be that way forever. It is a very unhealthy lifestyle to live when two of the Same-Sex gets married. When two women or men get married, they don't even consider that a marriage. Many of those who are against Same-Sex Marriage believe that just because you call it a marriage doesn't make it a marriage because it's not between a man and woman. If society keeps allowing these unusual behaviors to happen calling it normal when they aren't, the world is going to turn into complete chaos. Plus, since many people are accepting these unusual acts to be gay or lesbian, many stop following the old fashion way of what marriage should really be. Another reason why people are so against Same-Sex Marriage is because many believe that Same-Sex Married couples can not raise a child or children properly. Building a family is one of the many dreams people have for the future. A man and a woman are the ones who bring a new life into this world and when two men or two women get married to each other, well they can't reproduce a child. Life is a cycle, a man and a woman have a child and then that child has another child and so on. If a Same-Sex Married couple are raising a child, they will try and many times succeed to convince them that being gay or lesbian is a good and okay thing but that's what people who are against Same-Sex Marriage want less of. In this society, it is very unusual and uncommon when people see a Same-Sex Married couple raising a child so they react in a negative way when they see such bizarre act. People don't want children being confused while growing up questioning as to why all their friends and classmates have a mom and a dad and they have two of the same parents. What are people supposed to tell them when they get asked such complicated questions to answer? Children need to be raised by a "normal" couple rather than one who doesn't know anything about values. Plus, statistics say, that kids without fathers are more than four times more likely to get into crime than kids with fathers, that's if they are being raised by two moms. Many times single parents have a hard time raising a child on their own because the child missed out on that mother or father figure they were supposed to have growing up. So a child needs one of each parents in their life and Same-Sex Married couples can't give them that. Marriage between a man and a woman is entirely different from two men or woman getting married and can not be considered the same thing. This is because they leave out the import ant purpose of what a marriage is about; the perpetuation of the human race and how to raise a child properly. There are so many reasons as to why I believe Same-Sex Marriage should be legalized everywhere in this world. There are many people who say it "goes against the Bible," yet there are many people who don't even believe in God in the first place. If you are a true believer of the Bible, then follow it, but why get in anybody else's business that's not yours? Religious

The Difference Between Dragonflies and Damselflies

The Difference Between Dragonflies and Damselflies No other insects symbolize summer quite like the group of colorful, primitive-looking predatory insects we generally call dragonflies. In the late summer garden, they resemble tiny animal fighter jets, fierce-looking but also beautiful and fascinating.   In reality, these members of the insect order Odonata include not only the true dragonflies but also a closely related group known as damselflies. The order includes roughly 5,900 species, of which about 3,000 are dragonflies (suborder  Epiprocta, infraorder  Anisoptera), and about 2,600  are damselflies (suborder  Zygoptera). Dragonflies and damselflies are both predatory flying insects that look primitive and ancient because they are: fossil records show prehistoric species that are quite similar to modern species, although considerably larger. Modern dragonflies and damselflies are most prevalent in tropical regions, but some species can be found in almost every part of the world except for the polar regions.   Physical Characteristics Taxonomists divide the  Odonata  into three suborders:  Zygoptera, the damselflies;  Anisoptera, the dragonflies; and  Anisozygoptera, a group somewhere in between the two. However, the  Anisozygoptera  suborder includes only two living species found in India and Japan, which are rarely encountered by most people. Dragonflies and damselflies are often confused with one another because they  share many characteristics, including membranous wings, large eyes, slender bodies, and small antennae.  But there are also clear differences  between dragonflies and damselflies, outlined in the table below. In general, dragonflies are studier, thicker-bodied insects, while damselflies have longer, thinner bodies. Once the obvious differences  are learned- eyes, body, wings, and resting position- most people find it fairly easy to identify the insects  and tell them apart. More serious students of the odonates may want to examine the subtle differences in wing cells and abdominal appendages. Both dragonflies and damselflies are seen in a wide range of sizes and colors. Colors may be dull or brightly metallic hues of greens and blues. Damselflies have the widest range of sizes, with wingspans ranging from about 3/4 inch (19  mm) in some species to 7 1/2 inches (19 cm) in larger species. Some fossil Odonata ancestors have wingspans of more than 28 inches. Life Cycle Dragonflies and damselflies lay their eggs in or near water. Hatched larvae go through a series of molts as they grow, and begin predatory feeding on the larvae of other insects and on small aquatic animals as they move toward the adult stage. The Odonata larvae themselves also serve as an important food source for fish, amphibians, and birds. Larval dragonflies and damselflies reach adulthood in as little as three  weeks or as long as eight years, depending on species. They go through no pupal stage, but near the end of the larval stage, the insects begin to develop wings, which emerge as useable flight organs after the last molt of the larval stage. The adult flying stage, which can last as long as nine  months, is marked by predatory feeding on other insects, mating, and finally laying eggs in water or moist, boggy areas. During the adult stage, dragonflies and damselflies are largely immune to predators, except for some birds. Not only do these insects pose no danger to humans, but they consume large quantities of mosquitoes, gnats, and other biting insects. Dragonflies and damselflies are visitors we should welcome to our gardens.   Differences Between Dragonflies and Damselflies Characteristic Dragonfly Damselfly Eyes Most have eyes that touch, or nearly touch, at the top of the head Eyes are clearly separated, usually appearing to each side of the head Body Usually stocky Usually long and slender Wing Shape Dissimilar wing pairs, with hind wings broader at the base All wings similar in shape Position at Rest Wings held open, horizontally or downwards Wings held closed, usually over the abdomen Discal Cell Divided into triangles Undivided, quadrilateral Male Appendages Pair of superior anal appendages, single inferior appendage Two pairs of anal appendages Female Appendages Most have vestigial ovipositors Functional ovipositors Larvae Breathe through rectal tracheal gills; stocky bodies Breathe through caudal gills; slender bodies

The Analytical essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Analytical - Essay Example I joined the job as a volunteer in [...]. As I was eager to meet new people, I welcomed the job as a positive influence in my life. While some of my co-workers complained about their work hours and wages, I was just too glad and grateful to mind these minor hiccups. Working gave me a sense of independence. As an employed person I had more responsibility, I could take greater initiative and in an individual capacity, rather than a member of my family or community, as was the case before. There is an immense sense of self-worth and satisfaction that comes with being entrusted with work and I took too this responsibility with a lot of seriousness. Apart from my feelings of self-worth, which improved greatly because of my work, the job benefitted me in other ways. I was suddenly meeting people of all ages and backgrounds who were either suffering themselves or who had family members who were in pain. This exposure to the greater human condition allowed to me to feel for and extend compassion to people who were different from me. I believe that this exposure at my job was crucial in making me the more broad-minded person that I am today. From a practical perspective, working in something as complex as the pharmaceutical industry helped me understand how big corporations and the professional world worked. The job knowledge I gained in the specific field of pharmaceuticals was not the only thing I learned. I grew more aware about how various organisations and authorities worked in our society. This led to a redefining of my ethics. Earlier, I was not very aware of the ills of the pharmaceutical industry, or any other industry in fact. However, because of my insider’s position, I could now see the various drawbacks of big corporations and the frequent malpractices that harmed common individuals. My complete faith in hospitals, the government, and a greater moral order in general were questioned. In

Discussion Questions Week 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion Questions Week 1 - Essay Example For instance, it might be determined that a 4-year degree at a technical school will provide a $100,000 income while a 2-year degree at a specialty school will only provide a $60,000 income after graduation. A person must determine the steps involved in getting an education and determine which option will be the most valuable long-term. A person making $60,000 will have less financial capabilities than another who earns $100,000, making it harder to contribute to charitable or community organizations. However, the time investment should be considered as part of economics because family members will be affected, as well as the whole of a person’s lifestyle, depending on which decision is made. The biggest question which should be asked is how decision-making will impact the self, the household, the local community and even the broader society as part of economics in daily life. From an organizational viewpoint, economics determines how specific activities impact other activities in a society. A manufacturing business will determine the cost of raw materials, the labor and investment necessary to produce them, and consider whether customers will want to buy these products. As a single organization, micro-level business activities and various departments work together in the pursuit of generating a final product. Each division or business unit maintains a unique function, however each contributes to the whole of the organization, creating an entire unit of economic activities. In the business environment, it is a common theme to recognize aspects of sales and marketing, such as knowing your consumer and their basic demographics such as income, social lifestyle and cultural values. From a macro-level perspective, social systems work together with their own unique functions, creating a solid society where each action by each group impacts the other group. This is no different in business as the

Banana as a Natural Superdisintegrant

Banana as a Natural Superdisintegrant The objective of the study was to evaluate banana powder as a superdisintegrant for the formulation of oral disintegrating tablets and to compare the results with commonly used superdisintegrants like croscarmellose sodium, pre gelatinised starch and sodium starch glycolate. Oral disintegrating tablets containing Domperidone as the model drug were formulated using five different concentrations of each superdisintegrant (2%, 4%, 6%, 8% 10%) and compressed by direct compression. The formulations were subjected to various evaluation studies such as wetting time, water absorption ratio, disintegration time and in-vitro dissolution. The results showed that the disintegration time and drug release of the formulation containing banana powder (6%) was comparable to other super disintegrants. The IR spectrum analysis demonstrated that banana powder was compatible with the drug. These results suggest that banana powder can be used effectively as a superdisintegrant in orally disintegrating ta blet formulations. Banana, is a natural product which is available in plenty, economically affordable and has its own nutritional value. It can be used as a potential additive in the formulation of oro -dispersible tablets. Keyword: orodispersible tablets, superdisintegrants, disintegration time, natural excipients. INTRODUCTION The tablet is the widely used dosage form because of its convenience in terms of self-administration, compactness, and ease in manufacturing. For the past one decade, there has been a demand for more patient-friendly and compliant dosage forms. As a result, the development of new technologies has been increasing annually. Since the cost for development new drug molecule is very high, efforts are now being made by pharmaceutical companies to focus on the development of new drug dosage forms for existing drugs with more safety and efficacy together with reduced dosing frequency, and the production of more cost-effective dosage forms. However, geriatric and pediatric patients were having difficulty in swallowing conventional tablets, which leads to poor patient compliance. To overcome this problem, scientists have developed innovative drug delivery systems known as melt in mouth or mouth dissolve (MD) or sometimes dispersible tablets. These are novel types of tablets that disintegrate /disperse in saliva. Their characteristic advantages such as administration without water, lead to suitability for the geriatric and pediatric patients. They are also suitable for the bedridden patients, and patients who do not have easy access to water. The advantages, in terms of patient compliance, rapid onset of action, increased bioavailability (in some instances) and comparable stability to conventional tablets make these tablets popular as a dosage form of choice particularly in these populations. Domperidone maleate is a widely used anti-emetic drug, acting by inhibition of the dopaminergic receptor. Domperidone maleate does not cross the blood brain barrier. Domperidone maleate is also effective in gastro paresis, pediatrics gastro esophageal reflux (infant vomiting). Domperidone maleate after oral dosing undergoes extensive gastric and hepatic first pass metabolism resulting in low bioavailability (15%) which therefore, may not minimize the rate of vomiting. In context of the above principles, a strong need was recognized for the development of mouth dissolving tablets of Domperidone maleate to improve its bioavailability for relief on nausea and vomiting. In mouth dissolving tablets, disintegrants plays a major role. A  disintegrant  is a substance in a tablet formulation that enables the tablet to break up into smaller fragments upon contact with gastrointestinal fluids. Such a rapid rupture of the tablet matrix increases the surface area of the tablet particles, thereby increasing the rate of absorption of the active ingredient and decreasing the onset of time to therapeutic effect. A new disintegrant class has emerged during the recent past known as the Superdisintegrant. Superdisintegrants improve disintegrant efficiency resulting in decreased use levels, typically 1-10% by weight relative to total weight of tablet when compared to traditional disintegrants. The excipients added to the formulation should not only act as formulating agent it also act as good therapeutic agent and also free from toxicity. In the present research work an attempt was made to use banana powder as a superdisintegrant in the formulation of mouth dissolving tablets. Banana powder being a natural substance and rich in nutrition and availability can be an added advantage in using them as a pharmaceutical excipient. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Domperidone maleate was a gift from sterling lab (hosur,India) banana powder (self made) croscarmellose sodium (CCS) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG)as pharmaceutical grade was obtained from Loba chem ,mumbai, pre-gelatinised starch (PGS) as pharmaceutical grade was obtained from colorcon, Mumbai ,all other materials used were of suitable analytical grade. Preparation of banana powder: The unriped banana fruit was purchased from the local market. The fruit was cleaned and the peel was removed. Then the pulp was dried and powdered using mixer. The powdered substance was collected and stored in well closed container for further studies. Phase solubility studies: Phase solubility studies was done as per the method reported by (K.Venkates et.al,2009)2.Drug and superdisintegrant as per specified ratio (1:1,1:2,1:3,1:4,1:5) were weighed accurately and added to 25ml of water in screw capped bottles. All the bottles were shaken in Remi orbital incubator shaker at 370c with 100rpm for 24 hr. The container with drug and water was used as control. After 24 hr the solution was filtered using whatman filter paper (0.45 microns) .Then the filtrate was analyzed at wavelength of 284nm using Systronics TM double beam spectrophotometer. From the absorbance the solubility of drug was calculated. Compatibility studies: The compatibility study of drug with excipients was done using IR spectroscopy. The drug and the excipients were mixed in a ratio of 1:1 and stored in glass vials at 40 °C/75% RH for 30days. At the end of 30 days samples were withdrawn from each vial and the IR spectrum for those samples were taken. The samples were prepared by pressed pellet technique. The IR spectras was determined using JASCO FT/IR-4100 (3-4).16 scans were taken for each sample. The scanning range was between 4000-400 cm-1. The IR spectra of pure drug and pure excipients were compared to that of the mixture of drug and excipients and any interaction were analyzed. Microbial load for banana powder: Pour plate method was used to cultivate 1ml of banana powder solution with distilled water on muller Hilton agar medium for enumeration of bacteria and sarboured dextrose agar medium for fungi. The plate was incubated at 370c for 24 hours for bacteria while fungi plates were incubated at 270c for 72 hrs (3-6). At the end of the incubation period, the bacterial and fungal colonies formed were counted. Sterilized banana powder solution was taken as control. Swelling index: Swelling index was defined as the volume in milliliters occupied by 1 gram of superdisintegrant powder including any adhering mucilage, after it had swollen in water for 4 hour. The swelling index of the superdisintegrant was performed according to the (BP, 2007) method (7-9). In a 25ml ground- glass stoppered cyclinder graduated over a height of 125 ±5 mm in 0.5 ml divisions. About 25ml of water was added and shaken vigorously every 10 min for 1 hour and then allowed to stand for 3 hours. The volume occupied by the superdisintegrating agent including adhering mucilage was measured. The swelling index was calculated from the mean of three determinations. Pre-compression studies: All materials were mixed as per the composition shown in table1 and passed through 60 mesh sieve. The pre-compression studies (10-11) were done as follows. Bulk density: It is the ratio of total mass of powder to the bulk volume of powder. It was measured by Pouring the weight powder (passed through standard sieve # 60) into a measuring cylinder and initial weight was noted. The initial volume is called the bulk volume. From this the bulk density is calculated according to the formula. It is expressed in g/ml and the equation was given by Bulk density= mass/bulk volume (1) Tapped density: It is the ratio of total mass of the powder to the tapped volume of the powder. Volume was Measured by tapping the powder for 750 times and the tapped volume was noted if the difference between these two volumes is less than 2%. If it is more than 2%, tapping is continued for 1250 times and tapped volume was noted. Tapping was continued until the difference between successive volumes is less than 2 % (in a bulk density apparatus). It is expressed in g/ml and the equation was given by Tapped density= mass/ tapped volume. (2) Carrs index (or) % compressibility: It indicates powder flow properties. It is expressed in percentage and is given as Carrs index =Tapped density-Bulk density/Tapped density (3) Hausner ratio: Hausner ratio is an indirect index of ease of powder flow. It is calculated by the formula given below. Hausner ratio= Tapped density/bulk density (4) Lower hausner ratio (1.25). Preparation of tablet: All the materials were passed through 60 # screens prior to mixing. Domperidone maleate, Croscarmellose sodium (CCS), Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG), Pre-gelatinised starch (PGS),Banana powder, Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC),Neotame (nutrasweet), Mannitol (DC) , Talc, Magnesium stereate and flavour ( pharmaceutical grade) were mixed using a glass mortar and pestle. The formulation without superdisintegrant was prepared and used as control. All the materials were directly compressed into tablets using concave face round tooling on a Rimek- rotary tablet machine at 12 rpm . The composition of the batches is shown in Table 1. INGREDIENTS Evaluation of tablet: Tablet hardness: The hardness of the tablet was determined by using Tab machine hardness tester. Weight variation: Twenty tablets were selected randomly from each formulation and weighed individually using a Shimadzu digital balance (BL-220H). The individual weight was compared with the average weight for the weight variation. Friability test: The friability of the tablets was measured in a Friability apparatus (Camp-bell Electronics, Mumbai). Tablets of a known weight (W0) or a sample of 20 tablets are dedusted in a drum for a fixed time (100 revolutions) and weighed (W) again. Percentage friability for each formulation was calculated from the loss in weight as given in equation below. Determination was made in triplicate. % Friability = W0â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢WÃÆ'-100/ W0 (5) Wetting time: A piece of tissue paper folded twice was placed in a small petridish (internal diameter = 6.5 cm) containing 6 ml of simulated saliva pH (phosphate buffer pH 6.8). A tablet was placed on the paper, and the time required for complete wetting was measured visually. Six measurements were performed for each batch (Nitin Jonwal et al, 2010). Water absorption time: A piece of tissue paper folded twice was placed in a small petridish (Internal Diameter = 6.5 cm) which containing 6 ml of phosphate buffer (pH6.8). A tablet was placed on the paper and the time required for complete wetting was then measured (Nitin Jonwal et al, 2010). The water absorption ratio (R) for the each formulation was determined using the following Equation. Water absorption ratio (R) =Waâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Wb ÃÆ'-100 / wb (6) Where, Wb is the weight of the tablet before water absorption and Wa is the weight of the tablet after water absorption. Disintegration test: Disintegration test was done by using disintegration apparatus (camp-bell electronics, Mumbai)with distilled water as disintegration media at 370c and the time in second taken for complete disintegration of tablet with no palpable mass in the apparatus was noted visually (Nitin Jonwal et al,2010). In-vitro dissolution study: The release study was performed using (Tab machine) six stage dissolution rate apparatus (BP/IP/USP) paddle type with 900ml of 0.1N HCL (PH=1.2) as dissolution medium at 370c and 50rpm. The sample10ml was withdrawn with the time interval of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20,25and 30 min. The volume of withdrawn sample was replaced with 10ml 0.1N HCL. The sample was filtered. Absorbance of the sample was measured using PC Based double beam spectrophotometer. The cumulative release was measured using equation obtained from standard curve. The regression co efficient of the standard was R2= 0.9997. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Phase solubility studies: The phase solubility studies was done as per the method reported by K .Venkates etal2.The solubility of drug was determined by increasing the concentration of superdisintegrant by specified ratio (1:1,1:2,1:3,1:4,1:5). The pure drug had a solubility of 0.2mg/ml whereas the solubility of the drug with added superdisintegrants showed a value of about 0.44 to 1.1mg/ml for CCS, 0.46 to 1.21mg/ml for SSG, 0.34 to 0.46mg/ml for PGS and 0.8 to 2.7mg/ml for banana powder. The above results suggested that on increasing concentration of the superdisintegrants the solubility of the pure drug tends to increase. Of the four superdistegrants used, banana powder showed the maximum increase in solubility of the drug. Compatibility studies: The drug excipient compatibility study was done by using JASCO FT/IR spectrometer. The IR spectra for pure drug, excipients and drug-excipient mixture were shown in Figure1. The pure drug showed characteristic absorption bands at 3127.97 (Aromatic CH stretching), 1487.81 (C=C ring stretching), 1147.44 (CH2 Alkane bending), 928.557 (RCH=CH2), 891,866,833 (Para substituted benzene) and the formulation shows characteristic absorption band at 3123.15 (Aromatic CH stretching), 1487.81 (C=C ring stretching), 1147.44 (CH2 Alkane bending), 928.557 (RCH=CH2), 891,865,833 (Para substituted benzene). The spectrum of the drug-excipient mixture was found to be a mere summation of the individual spectrum of the drug and excipients which suggest that there were no interaction between drug and excipients and were compatible with each other. Swelling index: The swelling indeces for the crosscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate , pre-gelatinised starch, banana powder are presented in table3. The values obtained suggest that the swelling index banana powder is comparable to other superdisintegrant. Microbial load: The banana powder was a natural substance and so the microbial load test was done and the results shown that it contains microbial growth of about 253 cfu/gm and fungal growth of about 89 cfu/gm which was under the limit specified by (United state pharmacopoeia,2007) (5). Pre-compression studies: All the materials was mixed as per composition shown in table1.For each designed formulation blend of drug and excipients was prepared and evaluated for micromeritic properties and the obtained results were shown in Table3. The bulk density and tapped density for all formulation was presented in table 3. The hausners ratio and %compressibility index was found to be in the range of 1.14-1.28 and12-22% (Table 3). All formulation shows good blend property for direct compression and hence tablet was prepared by using direct compression technology. The results shows that formulation containing banana powder has better physical properties compare to other formulation (Table 3). Evaluation of tablets: The tablet was prepared by direct compression method as per Table1.The prepared tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, wetting time, water absorption ratio, as shown in Table4. The weight variation was found to be in the range of 248mg-253mg for all formulation .The hardness was found to be in the range of 2-3kg/cm in all formulation indicating good mechanical strength and it has ability to with stand physical and mechanical stress condition while handling. The friability for all formulation was less than 1% as per (British pharmacopoeia, 2007) . The wetting time is closely related to the inner structure of the tablet. This method mimics the action of saliva in contact with the tablet to illustrate the water uptake and subsequent wetting of tablet. This shows the wetting process was very rapid in almost all formulation. This may be due to the ability of swelling followed by breaking and also capacity of water absorption and swelling. The wetting time was found in the range of (Table4). Water absorption which is important criteria for understanding the capacity of disintegrants to swell in the presence of light amount of water was calculated. The tablets showed in the range of 12-100 sec (Table4). This shows all the formulation have good water absorption capacity. The most important parameter that needs to optimize in the development of mouth dissolving tablet is the disintegration time of tablet. In the present study all the formulations disintegrated within 1min. Table 5 give the disintegration time achieved by all the formulation. Four replicates were done. The disintegration time for tablet prepared with banana powder was much lower than the other synthetic superdisintegrants, indicating that banana powder has good disintegrant property (Table 5). Among the synthetic agents CCS was found to be having good disintegrating property than SSG and PGS. This rapid disintegration of banana powder and CCS was due to their rapid capillary activity and pronounced hydration with little tendency to gel formation . The results are in consistent with wetting and water absorption time. Dissolution studies: The drug release studies of the prepared formulations were done as per the method prescribed by British pharmacopoeia. The dissolution profiles of all the formulations were shown in Figure 2-6. It is clearly evident from the obtained data, that the tablet with banana powder as superdisintegrant showed excellent drug release as compared to other agents. It is clear that release of drug has improved considerably in formulation containing banana powder and CCS due to the rapid capillary activity and pronounced hydration with little tendency to gel formation. But the formulation containing SSG and PGS has less dissolution efficiency because it has more tendencies to form gel formation .The batch B3 containing banana powder (6%) and C3 containing CCS (6%) shows good dissolution efficiency and rapid dissolution compare to SSG and PGS. CONCLUSION The present study was aimed at evaluating the disintegrant property of banana powder in the formulation of mouth dissolving tablets. The obtained results clearly demonstrate the ability of banana powder as a superdisintegrant. The disintegration time obtained by tablets with banana powder wascomparable to that obtained with other commonly used disintegrants. Hence it can be used very effectively in the formulation of MDTs. Banana powder being a natural product with abundant availability can be used as a potential pharmaceutical excipient in various solid dosage forms especially in fast release products. The economical and nutritional value of banana powder will be an added advantage of using them in the pharmaceutical formulations.

jazz Essay -- essays research papers

Jazz is the kind of music that makes me want to do one of two things. Depending on the mood of the jazz, sometimes I feel like relaxing and just listening to the music and letting it run through me. Other times I feel like getting up and dancing as if I have not a care in the world. The jazz concert I attended on at SLO Brewing Company on October 6, 2001 inspired me to do both of these due to the variety used by the musicians in dynamic, rhythm, tempo, and many other aspects of music.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The group consisted of three individuals called the Anthony Wilson Trio. The instruments included an electric guitar, a percussion set, and an organ. The three sounds were creatively combined to make for a wonderful concert.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first aspect of the music I recognized was the volume, or the dynamics. It ranged from forte during the climactic moments to mezzo piano during the calmer parts, but mostly remained in this range throughout the concert. There were also several instances of crescendo and decrescendo, which served to build up tension or slow the piece down, respectively.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next element I discovered was the pitch of the music. Relatively speaking, I would estimate that the majority of the pieces were on the high side of the pitch, and therefore frequency, scale. The range of pitches was moderate, but as stated previously, mostly higher notes were used.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rhythm and...

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Essay

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was created by the Banking Act of 1933 in response to the banking crisis that faced the nation after the stock market crash on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929. Although the FDIC has grown and changed since then, its purpose is still the same – to guarantee the safety of bank deposits up to a certain amount. Until recently, that amount was $100,000 but Congress, in response to the current economic crisis has temporarily increased FDIC deposit insurance from $100,000 to $250,000 per depositor through December 31, 2009. (Who, n.d.) All of the banks that are members of the FDIC must adhere to certain liquidity and reserve requirements in order for the banks and their depositors to benefit from the insurance. (Overview, n.d.) If a bank becomes undercapitalized the FDIC issues a warning. If the undercapitalization worsens it can take other corrective measures which may ultimately result in the FDIC taking over management. All of this is meant to sustain the confidence of depositors so that there are no runs on the banks as so often happened in past history. The History of the FDIC To understand the importance of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in today’s economic market one must look to the history that led up to its establishment as part of the Banking Act of 1933. After the crash of the stock market in 1929 the United States fell into the longest economic depression in its history – from 1929 to 1939. Since loans that were made to stock market speculators were not being repaid after the crash, many banks failed and bank panics were commonplace. This led to their depositors’ losing money, which only served to fuel the depression further. The bank failures of the early 1930s were not the first in the history of the United States, but they were the most severe to date. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt saw the need to stem the tide of failures by enacting the Banking Act of 1933. Part of this act established the FDIC, gave it authority to regulate and insure banks, and the act also provided its funding. The purpose of the FDIC was to build the confidence of the American people in their banks and to assure them that their funds would be safe, at least up to a certain amount. (FDIC Timeline, n.d., 1930) This is still the general purpose of the FDIC, although much has changed since its birth in 1933. According to the FDIC website â€Å"since the start of FDIC insurance on January 1, 1934, no depositor has lost a single cent of insured funds as a result of a failure.† (Who, n.d.) When the FDIC was established in 1933 it was a temporary agency. But just two years later the Banking Act of 1935 made it a permanent agency. (FDIC Timeline, n.d., 1930) This was the first of many changes and adjustments to the FDIC over the years. The Federal Deposit Insurance Act of 1950 raised the insured amount to $10,000 and that amount has increased steadily until now, it is $250,000. The 1950 legislation also gave the FDIC â€Å"the authority to lend to any insured bank in danger of closing if the operation of the bank is essential to the local community, and authorized the FDIC to examine national and state member banks for their insurance risk.†Ã‚   (Important, n.d.) In 1989, in response to the savings and loan crisis gripping the nation, the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act (FIRREA) added two more functions to the FDIC, eliminating the Federal Savings & Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC). The FDIC was given the authority to oversee and administer two other insurance funds that replaced the FSLIC – the Savings Association Insurance Fund (SAIF) and the Bank Insurance Fund (BIF). (FDIC, n.d.) Still more powers were given to the FDIC by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (FDICIA) of 1991. This act addressed issues that the FIRREA did not, giving the FDIC more authority as well as more obligations. The FDIC continued to grow both in funding and authority until it reached the status that it holds in our economy today. The Structure of the FDIC The FDIC of today is run by a five-member board of directors headed up by Chairman of the Board, Sheila C. Bair who has been in that post since she was sworn in on June 26, 2006. She will serve a five year term and at the expiration of that term, she will remain on the Board of Directors until 2013. Each Chairman of the Board is appointed by the President to serve a five-year term and each appointment is subject to the approval of the US Senate. (Barrymore, n.d.) Since the chairman is appointed by the President, she can also be removed by the President. The other members of the Board are the Vice Chairman Martin J. Gruenberg, Director Thomas J. Curry, Comptroller of the Currency John C. Dugan, and Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision John M. Reich. (Board, n.d.) The Board meets about once a month in either open or closed meetings. The public may attend open meetings as a result of the Government in the Sunshine Act. (FDIC Board Meetings, n.d.) In 2008 there were ten open meetings held. The FDIC has seven divisions. The Division of Finance directs the accounting and auditing aspects; the Division of Information Technology oversees and maintains the computer network of the organization; the Division of Administration provides administrative support; the Division of Supervision and Consumer Protection conducts reviews to assure that each bank is sound and that its internal controls are adequate; the Division of Resolutions and Receiverships goes into action when a bank is in danger of failing; the Legal Division handles the corporations litigation; and the Division of Insurance and Research keeps an eye on the economic health of the nation, examining business activity, markets, etc. (FDIC Divisions, n.d.) To run these seven divisions the FDIC employs about 5,000 people in its Washington, D.C. headquarters as well as in six regional offices and in field offices around the country. (Who, n.d.)

A Survey Of The Kenyan Banking Sector Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4251 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Communication is an organisational asset which has a big impact on the success of the business. Communication serves a number of important functions in an organisation such as sharing and clarifying goals, identifying how goals are to be achieved, exerting control, motivating others, developing a sense of community and commitment, sharing information and creating common understanding. It is estimated that employees spend about four fifth of their working life communicating (Ferreira, 2006). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Survey Of The Kenyan Banking Sector Business Essay" essay for you Create order Communication in the organisation is central to the success of the business and must be taken into consideration in a quest to increase organisational competitive advantage. According to a study conducted in the U.S. by Watson Wyatt, a human resources consulting firm, companies that communicate more effectively with their employees have a lower turnover rate (on average 33.3 percent) than those that communicate less effectively (average 51.6 percent) (Ewing, 2007). Du Plessis and Boshoff (2008, p.3) defined internal communication as the communication between people working together to achieve individual or collective organisational goals. Internal communication, also referred to as organisational communication, is the process of communication between the people within the organisation (Scheffer Crystal, 2008). Internal communication process is used to maintain good relationships, describe tasks, give instructions and communicate the goals and philosophy of the organisation (Ferre ira, 2006). Effective internal communication is a major contributor to the success of change initiatives in organisations. In particular, at the individual level, appropriate internal communication helps employees to understand both the need for change, and the personal effects of the proposed change (Goodman Truss, 2004). The study of internal communication is arguably one of the fastest growing areas within the field of communication, with a 25-30 percent growth rate in the past five years. In fact, studies indicate that organisations are pointing to effective internal communication as an influential factor in business success (Cees, Berens, Dijkastra, 2005; Holtz, 2006). Internal communication is defined as the formal and informal communication taking place internally at all levels of an organisation (Kalla, 2005, p.304). Research on internal communication is cross disciplinary, and the number of available definitions reflects this fact. Internal communication can be termed as internal marketing, organisational communication, employee relations (Quirke, 2000), management communication, internal media, cross-departmental communication (Greenbaum, Clampitt, Willihnganz, 1988), business or corporate communication (Kitchen, 1997), strategic communication (Argenti, 2007) or integrated internal communications (Kalla, 2005). Welch and Jackson (2007) view internal communication from a stakeholder approach and define it as the strategic management of interactions and relationships between stakeholders at all levels within organisations (p. 183). Holtz (2006) noted that, in the past, company communication, typically in the form of publications, consisted of the four Bs: birthdays, babies, brides and bowling scores. In marked contrast, today, the function of internal communication includes the transmission of organisational goals, activities, new developments, achievements and personal contributions as well as strategic visionary messages (Welch Jackson, 200 7). Welch and Jackson (2007) suggest the function of internal communications has four dimensions: (1) internal line management, (2) internal team peer communication, (3) internal project peer communication and (4) internal corporate communication (as noted in Table 1.1 below). Table 1.1 Internal communication matrix Dimension Level Direction Participants Content Internal line management communication Line managers/ supervisors Predominantly two-way Line managers-employees Employees roles Personal impact e.g. appraisal discussions, team briefings Internal team peer communication Team colleagues Two way Employee-employee Team information, e.g. team task discussions Internal project peer communication Project group colleagues Two way Employee-employee Project information e.g. project issues Internal corporate communication Strategic managers/top management Predominantly one-way Strategic mangers-all employees Organizational/corporate issues e.g. goals, objectives, new developments, activities and achievementsSource: (Welch Jackson, 2007, p.185) These four dimensions emphasize that the content of internal communication has moved from the four Bs into all areas of the organisation including strategic go als and personal development. In addition to the content, the four dimensions also highlight the two-way relationship between employees and managers at all levels of the organisation and the importance of internal communication to organisational success (Tourish, Wilson, 2002; Zetterquist Quirke, 2007) with effective internal communication leading to improved productivity, reduced absenteeism, increased levels of innovation, higher quality of services and products and reduced costs (Argenti, 2007). Literature spanning the last 10 years suggests that good internal communication management is one of the pivotal steps towards successful and productive communication within an organisation (Holtz, 2006; Karian Box, 2006; Cees et al., 2005; Quirke, 2000a; Tourish Hargie, 2000a). Welch and Jackson (2007) state that; internal communication management includes participation in communication, its direction and the content of communication (p.184). However, participation and direction o f communication is strongly influenced by the hierarchical structure of the organisation where issues of status, power, rank and prerequisites often cloud the form and content of upward communication (Silburyte, 2004, p.192). Today, organisations are adopting flatter more dynamic structures which have more inclusive participation from all levels of the organisation (Silburyte, 2004) as well as varied content including new developments, organisational achievements, appraisal discussions and employee roles, noted previously in Welch and Jacksons four dimensions of internal communication (see Table 1.1) Similarly, Quirke (2000a) also suggests that internal communication can be shared across different organisational departments and likens it to a jigsaw where each section is responsible for a piece of the internal communication puzzle (i.e. the core departments within an organization). This metaphor suggests that internal communication is more than the realm of corporate communicatio n and is involved in all areas of the organisation. In the modern global competitive environment, corporate branding has become an important source of sustainable competitive advantage and a central element of corporate strategy (Balmer Gray, 2003). It includes core values cherished by a company, its corporate culture, identity, business model, people and it can be described as -the visual, verbal and behavioral expression of corporate identity and business model (CicvariÃÆ'„à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡, 2006). The corporate branding strategy determines the manner in which a company will fulfill its mission and vision, and realize value for its stakeholders (Jarventie-Thesleff et al, 2011). It is most often expressed through the so-called brand promise which the company has to live and maintain in everyday business, to all stakeholders (Aaker, 2004). In delivering the value and brand promise, as well as in the application of each branding strategy, a strategic part is played by the companys employees (from top management to those on lower-level positions, who co-operate daily with different stakeholders. The employees role becomes clear when considered in conjunction with the corporate branding strategy framework, which is not only the products and services it sells, but it also represents what the company does and actually is, (i.e. a functionally and emotionally rounded unity). Due to intensive technological changes, the life cycle of products and services has a declining tendency, so corporate branding becomes the cornerstone for building and maintaining relations with stakeholders. One the other hand, the corporate reputation definition, describing reputation -as a set of relatively long-term impressions, attitudes and emotions of individuals or groups in respect of an organization, established through experience or partially credible indirect information, in the context of personal and social expectations, which impacts intentions or behavior of indiv iduals or groups in connection with that specific organization (Vlastelica BakiÃÆ'„à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡, 2012), helps to grasp the significance of employees in the establishment of beliefs and attitudes of the companys other stakeholders. The value of corporate branding and reputation yields benefits for the company which increases its financial performances and market value on the long run. This represents valuable resources which competitors cannot copy or imitate. Aside from reputation, being the organizations intangible capital, another precious resource that is unique and attributable to one company only involves its employees, their knowledge, abilities and skills. Kotler Wong, Saunders and Armstrong (2005) define a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of these, that identifies the maker or seller of a product or service and seeks to differentiate them from those of competitors. The brand is more or less the essence of an organization that i nforms the customers choice to interact with one brand over another. It is therefore clear that by focusing more efforts on branding, organisations can attempt to differentiate themselves more in the minds of customers and potential customers by increasing the value propositions associated with their brands and create a strong brand image and presence in the market thus giving them a stronger competitive advantage. Fernandez (2004) defines a corporate brand as the institutions image, reputation, financial assets, performance and people. Thus, the corporate brand of an organisation tells us what to expect from the organisation as a whole the set of values, promises, standards and characteristics of an organisation as embodied in the brand. It is thus the totality of the organisation and what it represents and what it hopes to achieve through provision of goods and services in the ordinary course of business. A brand can thus be said to constitute the collection of associations in the mind of a customer connected to the brand -e.g. quality, friendliness, added value, superior service among others and such are what can greatly differentiate between similar products and services. The value of these associations, their uniqueness and relevance are an indication of the power of the brand. The underlying brand promise is what many organizations are looking to further underscore and highlight in their increased branding efforts to retain existing customers and attract more customers. The traditional approach to studying brands is focused on how the brand is applied to customers and to investigate customers perceptions of the same; however, this is slowly changing. It has been shown through research (Barrow Mostley, 2005; Sartian Shuman, 2006) that the concept of the brand also exists in the minds of other stakeholders for example employees; and that this aspect of the brand as it applies to employees is just as important, if not more important especially in the service sector where employees are in essence the embodiment and ambassadors of the brand. Noble et al (2002) note that organisations that have developed successful brands are the ones where all areas of the organization are committed to the branding process; thus, employees are now viewed as playing a crucial role in brand management as they are the interface between the organisation and the market. Brand identification is argued to be an antecedent of employees brand commitment, which is defined as the extent of psychological attachment of employees to the brand, which influences their willingness to exert extra effort towards reaching the brand goals (Burmann Zeplin, 2005, p.284). Employee commitment is the degree to which employees identify with and are involved with the brand; are willing to exert additional efforts to achieve the goals of the brand and are interested in remaining with the organisation. Employee commitment to the brand is most essential in the service s ector where it is the extra touch that the employees add to their work that provides a memorable brand experience to the customers and makes them want to come back for more and enhances their staying power with the organisation. Therefore, the objective of employer branding is to convince employees that their organisation is a good workplace, to retain them and ensure both their understanding of the organizations goals and commitment to them (Sullivan, 2002; 2004). One key element of effective employer branding is internal branding. Internal branding is only effective when internal audiences are reached with the message of the organizations values, through effective communicational efforts and when top management also exemplifies the same. Employees cannot be expected to show what they do not know. The service sector particularly has woken up to the fundamental importance of engaging employee commitment in delivering customer satisfaction and loyalty. The service sector does not provide tangible products/output that customers can take away with them and experience on their own; their experience with an organizations brand is through interacting with the organizations staff. There has been a shift in the branding world as explained by Vargo and Lusch (2004) to a new orientation known as service branding which is more balanced in its outlook. It considers both brand identity (internal) and brand image (external); highlighting the importance of staff in the service encounter. The banking sector is one such where service branding is very vital. Customers experience of the brand begins the moment they walk through the doors of the banking hall and in their dealing and experience with the banks employees. Thus, they way they are treated while in the banking halls, response to their queries, promises made and fulfillment of the same all contribute to their perception of the brand and indeed affect their loyalty to the brand. Hence, there is a need to have a sta ff that fully understands the brand in order to deliver a more superior and unique brand experience to the customers in line with the organizations mission and vision. Overview of the Banking Industry in Kenya The banking industry in Kenya is governed by the Companies Act, the Banking Act, the Central Bank of Kenya Act and the various prudential guidelines issued by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK). The banking sector was liberalized in 1995 and exchange controls lifted. The CBK, which falls under the Minister for Finance, is responsible for formulating and implementing monetary policy and fostering the liquidity, solvency and proper functioning of the financial system (Equity Bank, Annual Reports, 2008). As at December, 2012 there were forty six banking and non-banking institutions, fifteen micro finance institutions and one hundred and nine foreign exchange bureaus. The banks have come together under the Kenya Bankers Association (KBA), which serves as a lobby for the banking sectors interests. The KBA serves as a forum to address issues affecting members (KBA, 2012). Over the period between years 2006 to 2012, the banking sector in Kenya continued to grow in assets, deposits, profitabi lity and products offering. The growth was mainly underpinned by; first; an industry wide branch network expansion strategy both in Kenya and in the East African community region. Second; automation of a large number of services and a move towards emphasis on the complex customer needs rather than traditional off-the shelf banking products (KBA, 2012). Players in this sector experienced increased competition over the period between years 2006 to 2012 resulting from increased innovations among the players and new entrants into the market. Key players in the early stages of the operation of the Industry were; Kenya Commercial Bank(k) Ltd. (KCB), Barclays Bank of (K) Ltd., (BBK), Standard Chartered Bank (K) Ltd.(SCB), National Industrial Credit Bank (NIC), National Bank of Kenya (K) Ltd. (NBK) and Co-operative Bank of Kenya (Co-op bank) ( KBA, 2012). Statement of the Problem Despite its importance, few organisations devote enough time and resources to ensure that effective communication systems and processes are in place (Ferreira, 2006). Sanchez (1999) reported in the study conducted by Watson Wyatt Worldwide in cooperation with IABC Research Foundation that only 40 percent of 913 organisations which participated in the study, mainly from the manufacturing industry had formal communication strategies. Knowledge is important, not only between organisations, but also within the organisation. About 90 percent of the knowledge in any organization is embedded and synthesized in peoples heads (Smith, 2001). The transfer of knowledge is thus important in ensuring that organisational members learn from one another and also create new knowledge. Communication performance within organisations has been considered an understudied area and therefore poorly understood (Pandey Garnett, 2006) yet it is deemed a central component of effective business operations (Har gie, Dickson, Tourish, 2004, p.5). Hargie et al., (2004) state that a lack of effective communication can contribute to a range of problems including at one end of the continuum, job dissatisfaction and stress, through to damaging strikes, operating losses, bankruptcies, production line injuries, shipwrecks, plane crashes and, at the other extreme, mass slaughter in the field of battle (p.5). Asif and Sargeant (2000) undertook a study of two major United Kingdom clearing banks to explore a range of internal communication issues. Literature specifically referring to the banking industry and internal communication is scarce; however, studies have been undertaken within the last few years that suggest there is growing recognition of the importance of internal communication within this sector (Moorcroft, 2006; Wadman, 2006; Sablosky, 2005; Lennon, 2003; Asif Sargeant, 2000). According to Bierly, Kessler Christensen (2000, p.596) success does not necessarily go to the firms that know the most, but to the firms that can make the best use of what they know. Hence, for knowledge to give competitive advantage, it must be effectively transferred within the organisation (Murray Peyrefitte, 2007; Watson Hewett, 2006). Communication plays a vital role in the knowledge transfer process within the organisation (Du Plessis Boshoff, 2008). One way of managing the knowledge -transfer process is to select appropriate communication media for the property or type of knowledge to be transferred (Murray Peyrefitte, 2007). Information about the employees preferred communication methods and technologies is important in ensuring positive and effective communication (Du Plessis Boshoff, 2008; Ferreira, 2006). Research suggests that intranets should be considered a mosaic of top-down and bottom-up communication with distributed ownership (Dasgupta, 2001). A study carried out by Papasolomou and Vrontis (2006a) on the UK retail bank industry concluded that the problems lin ked to the branding of intangible offerings can be overcome through an emphasis on the effective implementation of Internal Marketing (IM). The study found out that since employees play a valuable role in the delivery and strengthening of corporate service brands UK retail banks have placed greater emphasis on IM in order to deliver the brands promise. A blanket approach throughout the organisation, regarding regulations on intranet usage, may not be appropriate as different business units will have different requirements. Rather a collaborative and facilitative managerial style would acknowledge diversity and individual contributions (Dasgupta, 2001), thereby allowing individual units and teams to control their own information. Studies show that the versatility and multifaceted nature of intranets has seen an increase in research that is largely multidisciplinary (Lehmuskallio, 2006); however, research into the measurement of intranet effectiveness and perceptions of the employe es towards the medium is still in its infancy and is seen as a fundamental shortcoming (Jacoby Luqi, 2007). This study will therefore focus on establishing the effectiveness of intranets to communicate brand message to its internal publics within the Kenyan banking sector. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study therefore is to establish the effectiveness of intranets to communicate the brand message to its internal publics within the Kenyan banking sector in an effort to find out if banks are taking the time, effort and resources to sell the brand to their internal audiences and what strategies have been employed to achieve this. Objectives of the Study This study will be guided by the following objectives: To establish whether banks in Kenya have adopted internal communication strategies within their organizations to communicate the brand message. To find out the effectiveness of intranets in communicating the brand message among internal publics within the Kenyan banking sector. To find out how employees in the banking sector integrate the organizations brand values through internal communication. Research Questions This study will undertake to answer the following questions How have the banks in Kenya adopted internal communication strategies within their organizations to communicate the brand message? What is the effectiveness of intranets in communicating the brand message among internal publics within the Kenyan banking sector? How do employees in the banking sector integrate the organizations brand values through internal communication? Justification of the Study Despite its importance to corporate communications, rigorous corporate communication research about the use intranets in developing nations is limited. Effective internal communication methods and media for knowledge transfer in the service industry are important for organizations to excel. Internal communication processes are therefore used to maintain good relationships, describe tasks, give instructions and communicate the goals and philosophy of the organisation. Effective internal communication is a major contributor to the success of change initiatives in organisations. In particular, at the individual level, appropriate internal communication helps employees to understand both the need for change, and the personal effects of the proposed change. This study will act as a benchmark to influence banks to adopt excellent internal communication strategies in order to better position their employees to deliver a more superior brand experience to the customers of the bank. Significance of the Study This study will add more knowledge in terms of academic contribution and knowledge which is limited in the area of internal communication within the Kenyan banking sector. This study will act as a platform through which the policy-makers within the banking sector can formulate policies to better enhance effective internal communication. The study will be able to provide recommendations and guidance on the effective internal communication strategies that can be put in place within the banking sector. Scope of the Study This study will be an overview of the internal banking environment in the Kenyan banking sector and will seek to study the 46 banks in the country. The subjects of the study will be the Public relations (PR)/marketing managers of the various institutions and the front office bank staff. Assumptions of the Study The assumptions that underlie this study are that: The banks selected for study will have some form of internal communication strategy in place used to inculcate brand knowledge among their employees. The data required for this study will be available and that the researcher will receive maximum cooperation from the expected respondents to allow for a smooth, successful and timely completion of the study. Limitations of the Study Unexpected negative response from respondents due to the fact that they might be unwilling to give out sensitive personal information. This will be mitigated through counter-checking on organizational information manuals as well as service charters. Lack of local scholarly literature on the topic as relates to banks and internal branding means that the some of the methods, concepts and models used in this study are foreign and will be adopted to suit the local experience. Definition of Terms Brand Stern (2006, p.217) argues that the word brand can be classified as both an entity and a process, depending on whether it is used as a noun or as a verb. When expressed as a noun, it is connected to a person, place, or thing; as a verb, it refers to the process of making a product meaningful (i.e., the naming or positioning of a product). Dual-function brand concepts such as brand identity and brand reputation (both used as nouns) show the flexibility of this concept. The words branding and branded, on the other hand, are used as verbs to indicate how a brands meaning changes over time. Stern further comments that in the physical world, a brand is a name or mark associated to a product while it in the minds of people refers to a mental representation or perception of a psychological meaning. This study will adopt this definition in consideration to the fact that this holistic definition reflects the fact that the brand is expressed in numerous ways, not only through market ing. Brand commitment: Burmann and Zeplin (2005, p.284) define employee brand commitment as the extent of psychological attachment of employees to the brand, which influences their willingness to exert extra effort towards reaching the brand goals. It is the degree to which employees identify and are involved with their service brand, are willing to exert additional efforts (extra touch) to achieve the goals of the brand and are interested in remaining with the organisation. Corporate communication: Steyn and Puth (2000, p.5) define corporate communication as managed communication on behalf of the organisation, aiming to increase organisational effectiveness by creating and maintaining relationships with stakeholders. Internal branding: According Drake, Gulman, and Roberts (2005) and Thomson, de Chernatony, Arganbright and Khan (1999), internal branding is the practice of selling and promoting the brand to the internal audiences of an organisation, i.e. its employe es in order to be instrumental in influencing employees attitudes and shaping their behaviours to be aligned with a brand, by creating employees understanding of brand values and engaging them in living brand-reality. Internal customers: This is the concept of customer-service provider relationships inside the organisation; employees providing a service to other employees or departments in the organisation as opposed to providing a service to clients external to the organisation. Services should be provided to fellow employees and departments with the same commitment to customer satisfaction as for external clients (Gronroos, 2000, p.307; Landman, 2005, p.7). Internal communication: Du Plessis and Boshoff (2008, p.3) defined internal communication as The communication between people working together to achieve individual or collective organisational goals. Internal communication, also referred to as organisational communication, is the process of communication between th e people within the organisation (Scheffer Crystal, 2008). Intra-organisational communication: Intra-organisational communication is the channels and systems of communication within the organisation. It entails the continuous design of interaction between all members of an organisation forming an all-inclusive device that joins people and structures within that organisation. Intra-organisational communication forms part of internal communication. Internal communication includes many configurations and disciplines of communication, for example interpersonal communication, intrapersonal communication, intra-organisational communication and management communication (Van der Walt in Verwey; Du Plessis, Barker, 2006, p.264; Landman 2005, p.7). Service marketing: Gronrooss (2000, p.7) perspective on service marketing describes it as an organisation taking the view that an enhanced offering is required to support the customers value-generating processes and that the core solu tion of a physical product, service or combination of services and goods, is not sufficient to differentiate the offering from those of competitors. Landman (2005, p.8) defines service marketing as an approach to an organizations market that recognizes that the external customer becomes an active part of its processes, and that an organisation in its totality and in all its facets determines the quality of service delivered to the customer.