Movie Analysis The Four Young Boys - 1520 Words

In American society, gender stereotypes and the topic of stereotypes remain a central focus of art and individual discussion. Rob Reiner addresses stereotypes in Reiner’s film Stand by Me when he sheds light on multiple stereotypes in society. Throughout the film, Gordon, Chris, Vern, and Teddy, the main characters in the movie, frequently describe each other with derogatory terms, which characterize stereotypes in American culture. In Reiner’s movie, the four young boys follow the stereotypes that society establishes for boys and men. The main characters in the film display various stereotypes that society holds for both men and women. Reiner’s film shows that some men have a preconceived and a detrimental belief that showing emotion is a†¦show more content†¦Near the end of this scene, Chris describes himself by using the term â€Å"pussy† (59:15). Chris’ usage of the word â€Å"pussy† raises questions about its implications and it s negative connotation. When the boys classify actions as â€Å"pussy,† the boys are stereotyping both women and themselves. Individuals utilize stereotypes as a defining tool for specific actions and groups. In their article What Women and Men Should Be, Shouldn’t Be, Are Allowed to Be, And Don’t Have to Be: The Contents of Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes, researchers Deborah A. Prentice and Erica Carranza address the topic of gender stereotypes in American culture: Gender stereotypes are highly prescriptive. The qualities they ascribe to women and men tend also to be ones that are required of women and men. For example, the stereotypic belief that women are warm and caring is matched by a societal prescription that they should be warm and caring. Similarly, the stereotypic belief that men are strong and agentic is matched by a societal prescription that they should be strong and agentic. (269) Prentice and Carranza’s findings suggest that gender stereotypes force individuals into conformity with the stereotypes that society assigns. Prentice and Carranza’s research argues that members of a society must follow their stereotypical description in order for society’s acceptance of these individuals. By misusing the word â€Å"pussy,† the main characters are

Compare and Contrast Two Theories of Motivation - 2294 Words

Essay Question Compare and Contrast Two theories of motivation. Suggest how a team leader might use these theories to motivate their team. Motivation according to Vroom (1964) is based within the individual , which influences one to complete a task. It is important for team leaders to motivate their team in order to improve productivity (Hyun and Oh ,2011, P103) and ensure that employees enjoy their jobs. Many theories of motivation have been developed, which allows team leaders use in work to motivate their teams The theorys which will be compared and contrasted in this essay are:- Herzbergs two-factor theory and Adams equity theory. Herzbergs theory, has become widely used as well as an respectable theory for explaining†¦show more content†¦Unlike, Herzbergs, Adams (1968) maintained that inequity results from people not only when they are relatively underpaid but also when the are overpaid. For example a person may feel inequity when they are being paid low for high productivity of input whilst another may also feel inequity when they are being paid high for low productivity. Whilst in the two-factor theory, motivation is more to do with increase in motivators thus this may occur even when productivity is low. (Herzbergs 1976). Therefore according to the equity theory, motivation is effected by how one perceives being treated fairly. Equity is defined as justices (Al-zawahreh and Al-madi 2012). Thus inequity occurs when a person feels that an imbalances in the ratio between their outcomes and inputs with others workers outcome and inputs. (Mine 1980) Moreover, according to Bell ( to improve productivity using the equity theory is to remove the feeling of unbalance, a team leader should do this by providing regularly evaluation of each employee on their perception of input which should be balanced with their perception of fair outcomes. This would provide the employees would understanding of the outcome received and remove any thoughts of unfairness. Moreover a lager amount of research has examined the characteristics of motivation factors that occur. For example Bandura cited in Sachau (2007) found that people are motivated to perform an activity to the extend that they feel aShow MoreRelatedIn this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities1167 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Compare and Contrast Paper Jeremiah Barwick Liberty CCOU 201 In this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities between Larry Crabb’s biblical model of counseling, theories, and techniques of Rodgerian theory called Rodgers’ Client-Centered Therapy (RCCT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). All of these theories are a form of psychotherapy. Couselors today use techniques such as pharmacologicalRead MoreCompare and Contrast Different Structure of Organisation and Culture964 Words   |  4 Pagesbusinessballs.com Section 1 Understanding the relationship between organisational structure and culture You will need to: ï‚ · compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture Here you need to briefly describe the different types of organisational structure, and what different types/formats of culture can be found in organisations, and then compare and contrast them – what causes/creates each type, and positive factors / negative factors of each. ï‚ · explain how the relationship betweenRead Morebusiness Assignment1024 Words   |  5 PagesOrganisations and Behaviour Outcome 1: Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture Outcome 2: Understand different approaches to management and leadership Outcome 3: Understand ways of using motivational theories in organisations Outcome 4: Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organisations SCENARIO According to Bergstram and Hamilton, organisations have different structures and these structures have a bearing on attitudesRead MoreNeed Theories: Comparing Maslow, Alderfer, and Mcclelland1194 Words   |  5 Pages19 July 2014 Need Theories: Comparing Maslow, Alderfer, and McClelland Most theories of motivation revolve around the idea an employee’s needs influence their motivation.  Needs  are physiological or psychological scarcities that stimulate behavior therefore are necessary to live a healthy, productive lives both in personal and work lives. â€Å"If work is meaningless, then life comes close to being meaningless†(Maslow, Stephens Heil 39). 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It allows individuals to develop expectations, plan and execute actions, receive environmental feedback, compare feedback to expectations and adjust behavior accordingly (Klein, 1989). Klein chose the name control theory because it is a compilation of various overlapping theories of motivation. The theory also incorporatedRead MoreA Comparison of Theorist1317 Words   |  6 Pageswriter will compare two of the most talented theorists of the time. Abraham Maslow and B.F. Skinner are just two of the many theorists that have formed the organization in today’s classrooms. This paper will address the differe nces in the theories and the similarities. It will describe how each theory can be implemented in the learning environment of an early childhood classroom. Lastly, it will describe each theory that will be compared supported by research. Comparison of two Theories Operant BehaviorRead MoreCompare and Contrast Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory with Vrooms Expectancy Theory640 Words   |  3 PagesCompare and contrast Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory with Vroom’s Expectancy theory. Is it possible to combine these two theories? How and why should, or shouldn’t it be so? Provide examples to support. Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory focuses on the internal needs of employees. This theory suggests that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are not mere opposite of each other and controlled by a different set of factors. While job dissatisfaction is believed to be associated directly with theRead MoreThe Motivational Theories Of Abraham Maslow And Frederick Herzberg1106 Words   |  5 Pagesshould find better ways to motivate their staffs to achieve organizational objectives efficiently and effectively. Many psychologists understand the importance of motivation in the industry; they worked on various motivational theories which could help employers to have a fruitful and productive employee. According to Feldman, motivation is a factor that direct and energize the behaviors of humans and other organisms, in other words, an inner state that stimulates us to fulfill a goal, something thatRead MoreThe Self-Determination Theory by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan1720 Words   |à ‚  7 PagesThe motivation of different individuals can vary for many reasons, two of those reasons can be internal and external factors. The internal factors are referred to as intrinsic motivators and the external factors are signified as extrinsic motivators. The Self-Determination Theory developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan is constructed on the basis of three distinctive psychological essentials, which include competence, relatedness, and autonomy (self-determination) (Moneta, 2004, p. 181). In order

Critique of a Nursing Theory free essay sample

This is a critique of Myra Estrin Levine’s conservation principles model. I will be discussing the meaning of the theory of the four principles; conservation of energy, conservation of structural integrity, conservation of personal integrity, and conservation of social integrity. I will be using the criterion-based model (C-BaC) as a focus of the positive aspects of the theory, as outlined by Johnson Webber (Johnson Webber, 2010, p. 92-214). I will discuss the intent and theory, the concepts and propositions, and the usefulness in nursing practice. How a nurse is defined could be very influential for those who aspire to become a nurse, and even for those who are already nurses. My definition of a nurse is one whose main focus is to care for others, medically, emotionally, and spiritually. Myra Levine has a unique outlook on the world of nursing that many may find hard to interpret. She had her own theories and principles of nursing that implemented health and well-being to patients through her conservation principles model. Her model was originally developed, not to be a nursing theory, but to attempt to teach nursing students a new approach to daily nursing activities. Intent and Boundaries The meaning of the theory of Myra Levine consists of four principles: conservation of energy, conservation of structural integrity, conservation of personal integrity, and conservation of social integrity. Each are fundamental to the expected outcomes when the model is used, but Levine also discussed â€Å"two other concepts critical to the use of her model; adaptation and wholeness† (â€Å"Myra Levine’s Conservation Theoryâ€Å", 2009) (which will be discussed throughout the critique). Her goal was to â€Å"promote adaptation and maintain wholeness by using the principles of conservation† (Nursing Theories: A Companion to Nursing Theories and Models, 2010). Conservation of energy: balancing energy output and input to avoid fatigue. Conservation of structural integrity: maintaining the integrity of a patient by restoring the structure of the body by preventing physical breakdown and facilitating healing. Conservation of personal integrity: to recognize a sense of self-worth, identity and acknowledging uniqueness. Conservation of social integrity: an individual who is recognized as someone who is part of a family, a community, and a population. Levine’s conservation model was designed to â€Å"provide a curriculum that would recognize medical-surgical coursework for a graduate curriculum† (Johnson Webber, 2010, p. 140). She believed that the conservation model was for the use of all fields of professional nursing practice, but she also believed that a professional nursing practice â€Å"could only be achieved at a graduate level† (Johnson Webber, 2010, p. 140). Other theorist’s such as Selye’s, Bertalanffy, and Erickson had an impact on Levine’s idea for her theory. My definition of nursing and Levine’s theory do differ in many ways, but our ultimate goals are the same. Levine, in my opinion, focuses on the integrity, uniqueness, and the structure of the patient, and then she focuses on whatever necessary to make the patient well. Within my nursing practice, and with the evolution of nursing since Levine’s time, my focus is comfort of the patient, educating the patient, the patient’s family, the community, and teaching how to adapt and maintain a healthy lifestyle physically, emotionally, and spiritually. Levine’s theory has been applied for research purposes, such as: â€Å"The investigation of an exercise intervention to mitigate cancer related to fatigue (Mock et al. , 2007, p. 1). There is a table on page 5 of the journal that shows the breakdown of the study and how Levine’s conservation model is implemented for the study. Boundaries are consistent with nursing practice† according to Johnson Webber (2010, p. 193). These boundaries, as I interpret them form Levine, when a patient is in a state of conservation, then the patient has successfully adapted to optimal energy, structural, personal, and social integrity, and this is achieved by nurse-patient rapport and interac tion. Although I do not define optimal patient health as Levine would, I do believe that the boundaries of today’s health disciplines and Levine’s theory ultimately have the same patient goal; patient wholeness. The meaning of Levine’s conservation theory is defined differently in all the secondary sources used. There are no words used that are misunderstood. I would not constitute any of the definitions read as jargon, slang or unnecessary and meaningless writing. The primary source, Levine’s definition of â€Å"Conservation of Social Integrity is to recognize the individual as one who strives for recognition, respect, self awareness, selfhood and self determination† (Nursing Theories: A Companion to Nursing Theories and Models, 2010). Selfhood is one word that I am not familiar with and had to look up for confirmation of meaning. The meaning of selfhood is integrity; strive for selfhood would be to strive for individuality or for your own true identity. Concepts and Propositions Levine’s theories share four major concepts; person, environment, health, and nursing. A concept of person is one who is being holistic and striving to accomplish complete integrity, â€Å"someone who is future-oriented and past-aware† (â€Å"Myra Levine’s Conservation Theoryâ€Å", 2009). Each individual has an internal and external environment that completes their wholeness. The internal environment is divided into â€Å"perceptual, operational, and conceptual environments† (â€Å"Myra Levine’s Conservation Theoryâ€Å", 2009). Perceptual being a person’s senses, operational being the function of the body’s interaction with the elements that can have long term effects on bodies but are not perceived until later. Conceptual environment consists of â€Å"language, ideas, symbols, the ability to think and experience, to have emotion, and to have individual psychological patterns that come from life experiences† (â€Å"Myra Levine’s Conservation Theoryâ€Å", 2009). Health is the general condition in all aspects, physically, mentally and emotionally. Nursing is promoting all of the concepts above and realizing that every patient is an individual with different needs to be met to complete their wholeness. Levine’s theories are consistent with the major concepts when referring to the ultimate goal of patient health, which is to complete their wholeness. Two examples of a proposition might be: 1. Encouraging your patient to continue to wear their mouth guard at night to decrease headaches and better sleeping patterns. 2. Teaching your patients the importance of completing their antibiotics to avoid having recurring episodes of the same bacteria causing infection. The concepts in the first example using Levine’s conservation principles would be: Wearing the mouth guard- conservation of structural integrity. The second concept would be: Decrease of headaches- conservation of personal integrity. Ultimately this would give the patient less pain and a better quality of life. The concepts in the second example using Levine’s conservation principles would be: Completing the antibiotics- conservation of structural integrity. The second concept would be: Learning the importance of completing the antibiotics- personal integrity. By the patient completing the antibiotics he is preventing the bacteria from spreading and from becoming ill from infection. The increase of knowledge gives him understanding and knowledge about antibiotics and why it is important to complete them. The variables in the examples are â€Å"the observable and measurable concepts with the ability to change† (Johnson Webber, 2010, p. 207). Example 1: the variable: patient compliance with wearing the mouth guard. Internal variables: compliance, physical well-being. External variables: headaches, increased sleep (better sleeping patterns). Assumption: With continued use of mouth guard the patient will have a decrease number of headaches, better sleeping patterns and an increased quality of life. Example 2: the variable: compliance in completing the antibiotics. Internal variables: compliance, physical well-being. External variables: infection, increased knowledge. Assumption: Completion of antibiotics will indicate no presence of bacteria causing infection and learning about antibiotics will increase his knowledge. Usefulness in Nursing Phenomenon can be defined as an â€Å"observable connection or relationship between objects, events or ideas† (Johnson Webber, 2010, p. 317). I chose the phenomenon of referred pain because I work on a Day Surgery unit I will often get patients complain of pain that is unrelated to their surgery. 1. Phenomenon: When stimulated by pressure, different areas give rise to brief episodes of referred pain perceived at a distance from the trigger spot. 2. Frequently patients who have endured a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) complain of pain unrelated to their surgery, often in the shoulders. It has been reported that this is due to â€Å"the analgesics used by the surgeons during the surgery† (Michaloliakou, Chung, Sharma, 1996, p. 5). 3. This phenomenon could be a negative effect on nursing practice if the nurse’s are unaware of the possible side effects of have referred pain post laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Understanding the theory behind referred pain post-operatively has influenced by nursing practice by being able to give an educated response to patient’s inquiries about the pain. It has been beneficial to both me and my patient’s to have this knowledge. Self Evaluation I am particularly happy with my choice to learn more about Myra Levine. Although I feel not quite fully informed of what her role was as a nurse. Most of what I had learned about her theory was how other researchers implemented her conservation theories to their research. I was also not aware completely of how to structure this type of critique in the paper. I followed the text, learned what I believe is correct, but I do not feel as though the paper flows as well as a critique should.

Model Essay Comparison Essay Post-Classical Civilizations free essay sample

With the collapse of the classical civilizations, post-classical civilizations arose shortly thereafter. Compare the factors that led to the rise post-classical civilizations from 500 CE to 1200CE between two of the following regions- Europe, East Asia, Africa or the Middle East. Model Essay Comparison Essay Post-Classical Civilizations With the collapse of the Roman, Gupta and Han empires, the world was left in a period of chaos with little structure in most areas. However after these collapses and the interlude that followed, post-classical civilizations arose in various regions. There were various reasons for this that ranged from rise of religion to the re-organization of political structures. During the time frame 500 CE to 1200 CE the Middle East and Europe both experienced this post-classical rise and had many similarities and differences among the factors that led to this, particularly in the areas of religion (similarities in rise, differences in spread and role of Christianity and Islam), trade (similarities in rebirth of commerce and rise of new economic systems) and political structure (differences with feudalism, similarities in theocracies and imperial). We will write a custom essay sample on Model Essay Comparison Essay Post-Classical Civilizations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Religion was an important factor in the re-emergence of post-classical civilizations in both the Middle East and Europe. Both the religions of Christianity and Islam had their origins in the Semitic Near East and had spread widely throughout both regions by 1200 CE. This is because both were easy to convert to and traveled along the trade routes of the Roman Empire prior to its collapse and through jihad by the caliphs that followed Muhammad after his death. A difference between these two religions in regards to their spread was how people converted. Early in Christianity, people came to the religion based on the efforts of missionaries. Later as Christianity was spread by the Franks (particularly Charlemagne), it was a forced conversion. Evidence is also seen in this in the Reconquista when Ferdinand and Isabella conquered southern Spain and forced thousands of Jews and Muslim Moors to convert, die or leave. Though Islamic jihads spread rapidly throughout the Middle East and North Africa (even into Europe), they rarely forced conversion by the sword and instead wanted people to come to t of their own will, which allowed a â€Å"truer† believer. The reason for this difference is probably due to the threats that the early western European church faced from constantly invading nomads and thus wanted those under their control to be Christian and nothing else. Islam was not as concerned with this due to the overwhelming nature of their conquests. This is also demonstrated in the eastern Roman empire (Byzantine Empire) because they never â€Å"collapsed† and thus allowed a diversity of religions within their empire unlike western Europe. The structure of these religions allowed both regions to have a sense of stability and common beliefs even though both had a diversity of cultures within their regions. This structure allowed for political systems to get stronger and protect the people during this period of constant invasion (especially for Europe) and allowed the rise of more advanced civilizations. One sees this with rise of the Holy Roman Empire in Western Europe and the caliphate empires of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. This similarity in the impact of structured religion in both regions can be explained by the need for people to latch on to any stable, organized entity that would allow them to survive the chaos after 500 CE. The revival of trade was also a common factor in the rise of post-classical civilization in the Middle East and Europe. Commerce in much of the Middle East and Europe collapsed with the fall of Roman and the Han empires since they controlled both ends of the lucrative Silk Road. With the rise of caliphate empires in the Middle East and as a result of the Crusades upon Europe, trade re-emerged within and between these regions. Trade occurs within the confines of the Islamic world which stretched from Spain to the Indus River. In Europe the Italian city-states (Venice in particular) take advantage of post Crusade Mediterranean trade. One also sees trade in the Northern European cities of Ypres, Bruges and Ghent. This is most likely due to merchants now having a modicum of protection for their trade caravans from the newly arisen political rule in both regions. Commerce between regions also helps lead to the advancement of post-classical civilizations in both regions because it allows for the spread of new ideas and innovations. The stirrup from central Asia finds its way into Europe and the Middle East through trade. Gunpowder also makes its way from China into both regions due to trade (also Mongol conquests). The great advancements of the Abbasid dynasty and the city of Baghdad were a result of this new trade which led to medical, scientific and literary achievements unrivaled in other parts of the world. The Italian Renaissance in Europe was a direct result of the new trade caused by the Crusades. A difference between the Middle East and Europe (west) economically was the fact that Europe relied on the manorial system for so long after the collapse of Rome (at least a millennium) and the Middle East primarily stayed a commerce oriented region. This difference is due to the fact that Europe, outside of Charlemagne’s brief rule, never had a unified empire to protect the old Roman overland trade routes and towns and the schism between the Byzantine Empire and Rome further isolated the West. People thus had to become self-sufficient. Trade will come back to Europe, but not as fast as it does for the Middle East. The final factor that both regions shared commonalities and dissimilarities with was political systems. Western Europe was unique compared to the Middle East in that it developed a feudal system that was land oriented and fragmented whereas the Middle East was imperial under the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates. This difference occurred because there were no kings strong enough to protect all the people from the invasions of various nomadic groups after Charlemagne’s death, and people were forced to pledge fidelity to the local strong man. These strong men became the new noble class in Europe and it would not be until after the Crusades that kings begin to reclaim their power. Similarities between the two regions politically however did include the rise of theocratic governments (caliphates in the Middle East and the Holy Roman Empire in Europe). Also the Byzantine emperors held power over their respective Orthodox sect of Christianity and were thus theocratic. Also with Abbasids and Umayyad caliphates, the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire, imperial government did exist in both regions. The fact that both regions’ governments were tied so heavily to religion was because that religion played such a critical role in the period of chaos after the fall of Rome and to control the people, one had to control or least be a part of the new religious structures that emerged. As one can see, there were many similarities and differences between the regions of the Middle East and Europe in regards to the factors that allowed for the rise of new post-classical civilizations in these regions. However, these factors can also be compared globally. For instance, feudalism also arose in Japan during the Heian period and was very similar to European feudalism in the fact that it was land oriented and had a hierarchy of nobles and peasants. The Inca of South America were also a theocratic empire (king was seen as a son of the Sun God) and relied on trade across its Andean roads to survive. These factors were common outside of the two regions where post-classical civilizations arose and led to advanced civilizations across the world during this time frame.